Design and fabrication of materials with desired deformation behavior

Abstract

Figure 1: Two examples of real and replicated objects. Thanks to our data-driven process, we are able to measure, simulate, and obtain material combinations of non-linear base materials that match a desired deformation behavior. We can then print those objects with multimaterial 3D printers using two materials (blue and black) with varying internal microstructure. AbstractThis paper introduces a data-driven process for designing and fabricating materials with desired deformation behavior. Our process starts with measuring deformation properties of base materials. For each base material we acquire a set of example deformations, and we represent the material as a non-linear stress-strain relationship in a finite-element model. We have validated our material measurement process by comparing simulations of arbitrary stacks of base materials with measured deformations of fabricated material stacks. After material measurement, our process continues with designing stacked layers of base materials. We introduce an optimization process that finds the best combination of stacked layers that meets a user's criteria specified by example deformations. Our algorithm employs a number of strategies to prune poor solutions from the combinatorial search space. We demonstrate the complete process by designing and fabricating objects with complex heterogeneous materials using modern multi-material 3D printers.

MultiFab

“…Some early work on 3D printing multi-material meta-materials has been demonstrated by Bickel et al [2010] and Skouras et al [Skouras et al 2013]. We show that our printer can fabricate even more complex multi-material metamaterials.…”

“…In this area, researchers have already developed a number of applications that specifically take advantage of printing with multiple materials. They have built processes for the design and fabrication of objects with desired deformation properties [Bickel et al 2010], objects with desired subsurface scattering [Dong et al 2010;Hašan et al 2010], lenticular prints [Tompkin et al 2013], and actuated deformable characters [Skouras et al 2013]. There has also been a significant interest in applications of multi-material 3D printing in other fields.…”

“…This technology has a myriad of yet unexplored applications that will inspire future research and stimulate a number of industrial markets. Computer graphics researchers both in academia and in industry share this enthusiasm -they have started contributing significantly to the development of applications and tools for 3D printing [Dong et al 2010;Bickel et al 2010;Vidimče et al 2013;Chen et al 2013;Tompkin et al 2013;Skouras et al 2013]. …”

Spec2Fab

“…Paper Goal Reduced Coordinates Optimization [Finckh et al 2010] Optical (Caustics) B-Spline Surface Stochastic Approximation [Papas et al 2011] Optical (Caustics) Piecewise Constant Tiles Simulated Annealing [Alexa and Matusik 2010] Optical (Relief) Height Field Gradient Descent [Weyrich et al 2009] Optical (Reflectance) Piecewise Constant Tiles Simulated Annealing [Papas et al 2012] Optical (Refraction) Piecewise Constant Tiles Simulated Annealing [Mitra and Pauly 2009] Optical (Shadows) Voxel Grid Custom Discrete Optical (Shadows) Layered Materials Quadratic Program [Bermano et al 2012] Optical (Shadows) Height Field Custom/Simulated Annealing [Dong et al 2010] Optical (Subsurface) Layered Materials Conjugate Gradient [Hašan et al 2010] Optical (Subsurface) Layered Materials Branch and Bound [Bickel et al 2010] Mechanical (force) Layered Materials Branch and Bound Mechanical (shape) Height Field Newton-Raphson Mechanical (shape) Triangle Mesh Augmented Lagrangian Method Table 1: The goal type, reduction type and optimization used by prior computational fabrication approaches.…”

“…Our work is motivated by the recent research efforts in the computer graphics community to create specific instances of the translation process, for example, subsurface scattering [Hašan et al 2010;Dong et al 2010] or deformation properties [Bickel et al 2010]. However, each of these instances is a custom, monolithic solution which is difficult to extend, combine, or modify.…”