Design and Implementation of a Multi-Hop Real-Time LoRa Protocol for Dynamic LoRa Networks

Tran, Huu Phi; Jung, Woo‐Sik; Yoo, Dae-Seung; Oh, Hoon

doi:10.3390/s22093518

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Despite LoRa's potential range exceeding 10 km in line-ofsight scenarios [11], it encounters significant range limitations when sensors are located outside of the GW's coverage area or within wireless unfriendly zones (WUZs) [12]. These devices experience significant reductions in communication ranges, especially in urban areas where LoRa encounters significant path loss (PL) [13], thereby limiting reliable transmission distances to a mere 200-600 meters.…”

Section: Communication Rangementioning

confidence: 99%

A Decentralized Dynamic Relaying-Based Framework for Enhancing LoRa Networks Performance

Haif,

Arous,

Arslan

2024

Preprint

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Long-Range (LoRa) technology holds tremendous potential for regulating and coordinating communication among Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices due to its low power consumption and cost-effectiveness. However, LoRa faces significant obstacles such as reduction in coverage area, a high packet drop ratio (PDR), and an increased likelihood of collisions, all of which result in substandard data rates. In this paper, we present a novel approach that employs a relaying node capable of allocating resources dynamically based on signal parameters. In particular, the geometric placement of the relay node is determined by a genetic algorithm that maximizes signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) and signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) success probabilities. Using equal-area based (EAB) spreading factor (SF) distance allocation scheme, the coverage area is sliced into distinct regions in order to derive the success probabilities for different communication stages. Furthermore, we present a frequency channel shuffling algorithm to prevent collisions between end devices (EDs) without increasing the complexity of the relaying nodes. Through extensive simulations, we demonstrate that our proposed scheme effectively expands the coverage area, conserves transmission resources, and enhances the system's throughput. Specifically, our approach extends the range by up to 40%, increases the throughput by up to 50% compared to conventional methods, and achieves a 40% increase in success probability. To validate the practicality of our approach, we implement our algorithm in an active LoRa network utilizing an ESP32 LoRa SX1276 module, showcasing its compatibility in real-world scenarios.

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Section: Communication Rangementioning

confidence: 99%

A Decentralized Dynamic Relaying-Based Framework for Enhancing LoRa Networks Performance

Haif,

Arous,

Arslan

2024

Preprint

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“…Further research provided experimental evaluations for multi-hop IoT networks. Tran et al proposed a protocol stack for a multi-hop LoRa network based on time-slotted MAC and demonstrated the reliability of 95% in a two-hop network [ 41 ]. The authors evaluated it in a simulation in an area of

and experimentally in a

area, using SF-7 LoRa PHY.…”

Section: Survey Of Current Iot Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Historical Twist on Long-Range Wireless: Building a 103 km Multi-Hop Network Replicating Claude Chappe’s Telegraph

Rady

Munoz²,

Abu-Aisheh

et al. 2022

Sensors

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In 1794, French Engineer Claude Chappe coordinated the deployment of a network of dozens of optical semaphores. These formed “strings” that were hundreds of kilometers long, allowing for nationwide telegraphy. The Chappe telegraph inspired future developments of long-range telecommunications using electrical telegraphs and, later, digital telecommunication. Long-range wireless networks are used today for the Internet of Things (IoT), including industrial, agricultural, and urban applications. The long-range radio technology used today offers approximately 10 km of range. Long-range IoT solutions use “star” topology: all devices need to be within range of a gateway device. This limits the area covered by one such network to roughly a disk of a 10 km radius. In this article, we demonstrate a 103 km low-power wireless multi-hop network by combining long-range IoT radio technology with Claude Chappe’s vision. We placed 11 battery-powered devices at the former locations of the Chappe telegraph towers, hanging under helium balloons. We ran a proprietary protocol stack on these devices so they formed a 10-hop multi-hop network: devices forwarded the frames from the “previous” device in the chain. This is, to our knowledge, the longest low power multi-hop wireless network built to date, demonstrating the potential of combining long-range radio technology with multi-hop technology.

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“…From the perspective of coverage distance, the mainstream LPWA technologies can be divided into two categories. One category includes NB-IoT [45], Sigfox [46], and LoRa [47], which are mainly used in long-distance communication scenarios. Examples include smart sensors for automatic inventory checking, gas or water meters in residential basements, and pet or personal asset trackers.…”

Section: Resource Collaborationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Design and Application of Municipal Service Platform Based on Cloud-Edge Collaboration for Smart Cities

Yang

Lee

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Information and Communication Technology (ICT) makes cities “smart”, capable of providing advanced municipal services to citizens more efficiently. In the literature, many applications of municipal service platform based on cloud computing and edge computing have been proposed, but the reference model and application instance based on cloud-edge collaboration specially for municipal service platform is rarely studied. In this context, this paper first develops a reference model, including resource collaboration, application collaboration, service collaboration, and security collaboration, and discusses the main contents and challenges of each part. Then, aiming at the problem of computing and communication resources allocation in the cloud-edge collaboration, a game-theory-based dynamic resource allocation model is introduced. Finally, an e-government self-service system based on the cloud-edge collaboration is designed and implemented. The cloud side is a cloud computing server, and the edge side are the self-service terminals integrating various edge computing devices with Artificial Intelligence (AI) embedded. The experimental results show that the designed system combines the advantages of cloud computing and edge computing, and provides a better user experience with lower processing latency, larger bandwidth, and more concurrent tasks. Meanwhile, the findings show that the evolutionary equilibrium and the Nash equilibrium are the optimal solutions, respectively.

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Design and Implementation of a Multi-Hop Real-Time LoRa Protocol for Dynamic LoRa Networks

Cited by 15 publications

References 21 publications

A Decentralized Dynamic Relaying-Based Framework for Enhancing LoRa Networks Performance

A Decentralized Dynamic Relaying-Based Framework for Enhancing LoRa Networks Performance

A Historical Twist on Long-Range Wireless: Building a 103 km Multi-Hop Network Replicating Claude Chappe’s Telegraph

A Design and Application of Municipal Service Platform Based on Cloud-Edge Collaboration for Smart Cities

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