Design and implementation of a voltammetry potentiostat with wide dynamic current range measurement for electrochemical biosensors

Huang, Chun-Yueh

doi:10.1007/s10470-014-0368-z

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…These analog circuits are controlled by the software Voltammogrammer, 43 in a personal computer using the digital oscilloscope (AD). This open-source software is written in the C# programming language and provides a modern graphical user interface for students to conduct various electrochemical techniques and intuitively organize acquired data (see Figures 3,4,and 5). Alternatively, a LabView program is also available so that an IoT device (e.g., Raspberry Pi) can be used as a computer controlling the device (see the Supporting Information for details; this program is also useful to graphically understand how the device works with the software).…”

Section: ■ Configuration Of Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To help students understand these interrelated and complex topics, electrochemical experiments in laboratory classes play a significant role since experiments can visualize the electrical effect(s) on a material of interest (e.g., Faradaic efficiency for the evolution of continuous bubbles of hydrogen gas from an electrode). On this basis, various groups have reported potentiostats, galvanostats, and/or electrochemical impedance spectrometers (EIS) as task-specific devices for their respective (educational) topics. − These structures of devices are generalized to a system consisting of three functionalities, a view, a controller, and core analog circuit(s), as depicted in Scheme , where the view represents a graphical user interface prepared by programming language(s), the analog circuit represents an electrical interface converting chemical response(s) from an electrochemical cell of interest to the form of electrical response(s), and the controller, which is typically a general-purpose microprocessor with peripheral task-specific integrated circuits, mediates between the view and analog circuit(s). The balance between functionality, capability, and cost of a device depends on how the three functionalities are purposefully configured.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The balance between functionality, capability, and cost of a device depends on how the three functionalities are purposefully configured. Accordingly, these reported devices are categorized into four classes: (1) wireless electrochemical detector as an IoT device; ,,,,,, (2) stand-alone device not requiring an external computer; ,,,,, (3) single-chip to miniaturize a device; ,,, and (4) electric-topologically multifunctional device as general-purpose equipment in a laboratory ,, (see the Supporting Information for the detailed classification of low-cost (<1000 USD) electrochemical devices reported previously). Among these categories, the multifunctional device can play a vital role for students investigating various dimensions of a subject of interest and understand the subject multidirectionally.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Small yet Complete Framework for a Potentiostat, Galvanostat, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectrometer

Matsubara

2021

J. Chem. Educ.

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A modern cybernetic potentiostat plays a significant role in realizing various electrochemical measurements. This technology report describes a general-purpose, scalable, handheld (10 cm2), yet affordable hardware–software framework for a potentiostat, galvanostat, and electrochemical impedance spectrometer with high capabilities: (1) cyclic voltammetry, square-wave voltammetry, and (potential-step) chronoamperometry as potentiostatic measurements conjugated with iR compensation and rotating-disk electrode apparatus in a wide range of current and voltage (pA to 0.1 A and ±12 V); (2) chronopotentiometry (with an arbitrary current) as a galvanostatic measurement (e.g., Karl Fischer titration); and (3) electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with a bandwidth of 0.1–1 MHz. Two additional devices derived from the framework were also demonstrated for fast potential scanning (up to 100 kV/s) and simple assembling, respectively. The presented framework provides rich teaching materials for chemistry, technology, engineering, and mathematics (e.g., STEM) education.

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Section: ■ Configuration Of Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Small yet Complete Framework for a Potentiostat, Galvanostat, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectrometer

Matsubara

2021

J. Chem. Educ.

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“…The fixed-WE topologies, as depicted in Fig. 1.7(a), are the most popular configuration and have been widely used [10,36,8,37,38,11,39] because of its simplicity. The purpose of the voltage follower A 1 is to accomplish the potentiostatic control, i.e avoid any current flowing through electrode RE and set the potential V rw at RE.…”

Section: Potentiostatic Operationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-power read-out ICs for smart electrochemical sensors

Aymerich Gubern

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Electrochemical sensors are expanding rapidly over other chemical sensoring technologies because of their potential to generate precise, selective, miniaturized and cost-effective analytical devices. These features satisfy the emerging global demand for disposable testing systems at the point-of-need, where usability, portability, and price counts most, enabling to detect critical analytical evidence by anyone, any-where and at any time, without concerning about recalibration and limited shelf life. In particular a disposable electrochemical device must include a paired smart electronic interface to specifically bias the electrochemical cell, acquire signals, per-form data conversion and communicate measurements through a standard digital interface, all under severe restrictions of size and power consumption. This thesis describes the development of a novel, cost-effective, disposable, high-performance and user-friendly electrochemical sensing platform that combines the smartness of CMOS integrated circuits (ICs) with the flexibility of printed electronics. Two practical µW-range readout integrated circuit (ROIC) realizations in 65-nm and0.18-µmCMOS technologies are presented and specifically optimized for the potentiostatic biasing and amperometric read-out of electrochemical sensors. The proposed frontend architectures yield very elegant and compact CMOS implementations by reusing the dynamic properties of the sensor itself to implement continuous-time mixed electrochemical delta-sigma modulators (¿SM). The topologies include differential potentiostats to extend its range. Furthermore, low limit of detection (LOD) values can be achieved by implementing a novel cancellation mechanism of the flicker noise coming from the feedback DAC of the electrochemical ¿SM. A standard interface based onI2Cis included on-chip not only to control the extensive system configuration but also to limit the number of IC pads towards a low-cost flip-chip assembly on flexible substrates. Experimental results from both electrical and electrochemical tests are presented and compared to other state-of-the-art electrochemical sensor frontends. A cost-effective hybrid electronics interfacing approach is proposed, where the electrochemical sensor is directly printed on a flexible PEN substrate that also hosts the CMOS readout integrated circuit (ROIC) as a bare die without wire bonding. Low-cost inkjet printing technology is employed for the development of a three-electrode sensor and all the required connectivity. Anisotropic conductive adhesives are investigated as an emerging approach for mechanical and electrical contact between the IC die and printed inks in order to obtain a disposable flexible smart electrochemical sensory device. En els últims anys s’ha produït una ràpida expansió dels sensors electroquímics en comparació amb altres tecnologies químiques de sensat gràcies al seu potencial per generar dispositius analítics precisos, selectius, miniaturitzats i econòmics. Aquestes característiques satisfan l’actual creixent demanda de sistemes de sensat d’un sol ús, on la usabilitat, la portabilitat i el preu són els factors més importants, permetent detectar evidència analítica per qualsevol persona, en qualsevol lloc i en qualsevol moment, sense limitacions en termes de calibratge o de temps de vida útil. En particular, un dispositiu electroquímic ha d’incloure una interfície electrònica intel·ligent aparellada per estimular específicament la cèl·lula electroquímica, adquirir senyals, realitzar la conversió de dades i comunicar les mesures a través d’una interfície digital estàndard, tot sota restriccions severes de mida, cost i potencia consumida. Aquesta tesi descriu el desenvolupament d’una nova plataforma de detecció electroquímica, econòmica, d’un sol ús, d’alt rendiment i fàcil d’utilitzar, que combina la intel·ligència de circuits integrats CMOS amb la flexibilitat de l’electrònica impresa. Es presenten dues realitzacions de circuits integrats de lectura en tecnologies CMOS de65-nm i 0.18-µmamb un consum de l’ordre de µW, específicament optimitzades per ala polarització potenciostàtica i la lectura amperometria de sensors electroquímics. Les interfícies proposades ofereixen implementacions CMOS molt elegants i compactes, ja que reutilitzen les propietats dinàmiques del mateix sensor per implementar moduladors Delta-Sigma (ΔΣM) mixtes en temps continu. Les topologies inclouen potenciostats diferencials per ampliar el seu rang. A més, permeten aconseguir un límit baix de detecció mitjançant la implementació d’un nou mecanisme de cancel·lació del soroll de baixa freqüència pro-vinent de la retroalimentació digital-analògic del modulador ΔΣM electroquímic. El xip inclou una interfície digital estàndard basada en I2C per controlar l’extensa configuració del sistema i també per reduir el nombre de connexions externes de cara al seu muntatge de baix cost sobre substrats flexibles. Es presenten resultats experimentals de les proves tant elèctriques com electroquímiques i es comparen amb altres interfícies de sensors electroquímics d’última generació. Finalment, es proposa una interfície híbrida rendible, on s’imprimeix directament el sen-sor electroquímic sobre un substrat PEN flexible que també allotja la interfície CMOS integrada de lectura a nivell de dau de silici sense encapsular. Els tres elèctrodes del sensor i tota la connectivitat s’aconsegueixen gràcies a la tecnologia d’impressió d’injecció de tinta de baix cost. Així mateix, s’investiguen els adhesius conductors anisotròpics com un enfocament emergent per al contacte mecànic i elèctric entre la matriu del circuit integrat CMOS i les tintes conductores per tal d’obtenir un dispositiu sensorial electroquímic flexible d’un sol ús.

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