Rowing competition in colleges and universities is an international competition, and it is also a favorite competition for college students. However, in the course of rowing competition, the stability of athletes’ injuries often occurs, which is difficult to solve effectively. Aiming at the problem that the loss of athletes in rowing competition in colleges and universities cannot be accurately prevented, this paper puts forward a multiple regression prevention effect model and makes a comprehensive analysis combined with complex reasons. Through the integration of multiple regression and residual analysis, we can better find out the influencing factors, aiming at finding out the causes of athletes’ injuries and putting forward corresponding countermeasures. First of all, analyze the causes of loss, establish a framework of injury prevention for college rowers, and the overall diagnosis framework is reasonable. Then, according to the “University Rowing Prevention and Control Standards” divided into various prevention measures, through the comprehensive prevention and control measure mechanism to get the cause of injury, finally, the optimal combination of various control measures forms a control system. The results of MATLAB show that the combination of multiple regression and residual analysis can improve the accuracy of athletes’ injury prevention and treatment, make the accuracy more than 90%, shorten the diagnosis time less than 10 minutes, and meet the requirements of athletes’ injury diagnosis under normal rowing competition.