Design and implementation of full-frame, bit-allocation image-compression hardware module. Work in progress.

Ho, Bruce Kuo Ting; Chao, Johnny; Zhu, Ping; Huang, H. K.

doi:10.1148/radiology.179.2.2014312

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…5 This system has been used in studies detecting several diseases (such as subperiosteal resorption, interstitial lung disease, and pulmonary nodules). [6][7][8] For example, in detecting subtle pulmonary nodules, observer performance was equivalent for compressed and uncompressed images for a compression ratio up to 44.…”

Section: Compressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compressing and transmitting visible human images

Thoma

Long

1997

IEEE Multimedia

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challenging conventional storage, retrieval, and transmission methods. Here we discuss lossless and lossy methods to compress the images. We also consider advanced transmission-control protocol approaches plus a multisocket technique we developed for transmitting images over wide-area networks.T he National Library of Medicine's Visible Human Project acquired computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and color cryosection images of a representative male and female cadaver to start building a digital image library of volumetric data. 1,2 These data sets serve as a common reference point for studying human anatomy, as a set of common public domain data for developing and testing medical imaging algorithms, and as a testbed and model for constructing image libraries accessible through networks. Researchers anticipate that this collection, particularly the color images, will become a data source for many multimedia applications. Examples include "fly through" instructional tutorials for human anatomy, biomechanical modeling software, visualization of lungs and bronchial tree anatomy, vascular anatomy visualization for realtime computation of catheter navigation and model-based surgery guidance, photorealistic volume-rendered anatomical atlases, interactive virtual dissection packages such as the Dissectable Human CD-ROM, an interactive 3D anatomic atlas published by the international health science publisher, Mosby, and many others. 3 More than 700 licensees in 26 countries already use the data sets for these purposes.The cryosection color images were taken by a charge-coupled device (CCD) scanner and captured as 70-mm photographs. In the male data set, 1,871 cross-sectional images exist for each modality, which amounts to about 15 Gbytes. The female data set, consisting of cross-sectional images taken at one-third the interval of the male, amounts to about 40 Gbytes, the total equaling 55 Gbytes. If we digitized the photographs at a resolution (4,096 by 2,700 pixels) exceeding that of the CCD scanner (2,048 by 1,216 pixels), this could deliver additional data to about 62 Gbytes total for the male and 173 Gbytes total for the female, for a combined total of 235 Gbytes.These 24-bits-per-pixel red, green, and blue (RGB) color image data offer the greatest challenges in storage and transmission. Their large sizes preclude rapid transfer over the Internet and distribution by CD-ROM or other optical media. (For example, even the CCD-captured set of 55 Gbytes requires 110 conventional CD-ROMs.) To alleviate this problem, we are investigating different compression techniques and communications methods.Specific research objectives include 1. Studying both lossy and lossless compression to reduce redundancy in the Visible Human color cryosection slice images and to select the most promising combination of parameters for each.2. Developing two compression methods, one lossy and the other lossless, using a combination of approaches. The development will include both compression and expansion software.3. St...

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Section: Compressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compressing and transmitting visible human images

Thoma

Long

1997

IEEE Multimedia

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“…The ratios are 20:1 for radiographs, 8:1 for CT, and 4:1 for MR images. Although, many compression methods are being used by various groups, these ratios are considered conservative and comparable in quality among the most prevalent types, including JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts' Group) [13], full frame DCT [14], and wavelet transform [15]. The compression ratios of CT and MR images can be further improved using a three dimensional wavelet transform method [16].…”

Section: Compressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<title>Multiclient global teleradiology system</title>

Ho¹,

Chao²,

Chao³

et al. 1995

SPIE Proceedings

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A large scale global teleradiology project is underway linking multiple international imaging centers to the UCLA Department of Radiology. The goal is to deliver subspecialty consultation to patients in these remote areas. Technical issues in planning to establish the necessary teleradiology infrastructure include wide area network design, image compression, distributed archiving, and special viewing station features. Concepts such as teleconsultation and remote procedure monitoring are aimed at providing the same level of services at distant sites as that would be available in-house.

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“…We developed a parallel processor hardware module [6,7,8] with four Motorola (Phoenix, AZ) DSP56001s (QDSP). This module is compatible with all models of Sun host computers with the VME backplane, including 3/E, 3/360, 4/E, 4/470 and 4/490.…”

Section: Ffdct and Hardware Modulementioning

confidence: 99%

“…We implemented this entire compression algorithm using parallel digital signal processors (DSP). Twenty four bits processors which met the dynamic range required for the large matrix transform just became available at the time our hardware implementation began.We developed a parallel processor hardware module [6,7,8] with four Motorola (Phoenix, AZ) DSP56001s (QDSP). This module is compatible with all models of Sun host computers with the VME backplane, including 3/E, 3/360, 4/E, 4/470 and 4/490.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previously, we introduced the FFDCT algorithm along with a custom hardware module to accelerate DCT computation [6,7,81. The HVS based quantization table used by JPEG was rejected in favor of a threshold based quantization scheme because we believed that high frequency components often contain crucial diagnostic detail and should not be deemphasized as is done in JPEG.…”

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confidence: 99%

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<title>Block implementation of arithmetic coding for image compression</title>

Wei

Saipetch

et al. 1994

SPIE Proceedings

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The Full Frame Discrete Cosine Transform (FFDCT) compression method has the capability to eliminate block artifacts that exist in JPEG and MPEG compressed images. Previous FFDCT algorithm used an adaptive Bit Allocation (BA) method to pack quantized DCT coefficients. In this work, we replaced BA with Arithmetic Coding (AC) to improve compression performance markedly. We will also show that by partitioning the quantized cosine domain much higher arithmetic coding efficiency can be achieved, especially in highly quantized images. . INTRODUCTIONHigh ratio, transform based compression is critically needed to make archiving and telecommunication of digital medical images feasible. The most widely supported compression methods are JPEG and MPEG standards, both based on the block DCT approach that introduces block artifacts in the reconstructed images. Because diagnostic reading is particularly sensitive to artifacts, such methods may not be acceptable in quality. Recent study has shown that even when block artifacts are not immediately obvious, they become prominent after edge enhancement[ 1]. Many studies have introduced modifications to the basic block DCT method in an effort to minimize discontinuities across blocks [2,3,4,5]. However, only two methods completely remove them. They are the wavelet transform coding which has recently gained a great deal of attention, and the more established Full Frame DCT method.Previously, we introduced the FFDCT algorithm along with a custom hardware module to accelerate DCT computation[6,7,81. The HVS based quantization table used by JPEG was rejected in favor of a threshold based quantization scheme because we believed that high frequency components often contain crucial diagnostic detail and should not be deemphasized as is done in JPEG. The quantized coefficients were encoded using an adaptive bit allocation method, which is particularly suited for parallel processing. However, this method necessarily includes spurious zero bits which offer no information, and generates a bit allocation table that represents a sizable overhead in highly compressed images. In this paper, we replaced the bit allocation step with arithmetic coding that better exploits the entropy inherent in the quantized coefficients. It will be shown that not only is the overall compression efficiency increased, the parallel processing property is still preserved. FFDCT AND HARDWARE MODULEDiscrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is excellent for image compression because of its energy compacting properties. In order to ensure complete elimination of block artifacts, we shunned the common practice of partitioning an image into small blocks before doing cosine transform. Performing DCT in full frame has the added burden of high computational complexity, which we addressed using an efficient DCT implementation based on a modified FFT[9]. We also took a different approach in deriving the quantization levels since sharp edges cany significant diagnostic information (interstitials, calcifications) and must be preserved with eq...

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Design and implementation of full-frame, bit-allocation image-compression hardware module. Work in progress.

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Compressing and transmitting visible human images

Compressing and transmitting visible human images

<title>Multiclient global teleradiology system</title>

<title>Block implementation of arithmetic coding for image compression</title>

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