Design and Implementation of Lead–Carbon Battery Storage System

Abstract

In this paper, we described a design scheme for a lead-carbon battery energy storage system (BESS). A two-stage topology of lead-carbon battery energy storage system was adopted. The number and connection structure of battery cells were designed based on the actual demand. The main circuit parameters of the BESS were determined according to the power transfer capability, harmonic suppression, and dynamic response capability. A state feedback linearization method in a nonlinear differential geometry theory was used for dq-axis current decoupling based on the mathematical model used in the dq coordinate system of the BESS. A control strategy based on filter capacitor current inner loop, grid current middle loop, and dc voltage outer loop was adopted to suppress the resonance peak and achieve the independent regulation of active power and reactive power. The PSCAD/EMTDC simulation results and physical prototype experiments showed that the lead-carbon BESS had a good dynamic and steady-state performance. INDEX TERMS Lead-carbon battery, power converter system, power control, battery energy storage system.

Design of passive power filters for battery energy storage system in grid connected and islanded modes

“…The resonance frequency should meet border conditions expressed in (20) to avoid unexpected resonance problems [13].…”

“…The consumption of reactive power of the capacitor of the LCL filter must be less than 5% of the total reactive power of the system [14,20,24]. The filter capacitance should verify (35)…”

“…According to (12) and (18), the resonance frequency of the LCL filter with experimental parameters is 684 Hz and it is equal to 1497 Hz for a traditional design where the grid and the load impedances are neglected. According to (20) the high limit of resonance frequency is the half of the switching frequency, f sw /2. Simulations start with a 10 kHz switching frequency and at 0.6 s, a frequency change is applied, to 2 kHz in a first step and to 1 kHz in a second step.…”

“…LCL filter design had been widely reported in the literature, for rectifier applications [14][15][16] for solar rooftop [17], for high power voltage source converters [18], for DC traction station [19] and also for BESS [20][21][22]. Generally, filter design and sizing is conducted in parallel with control synthesis and new methods are proposed to improve damping [23,24] and stability under different grid conditions [25][26][27][28][29][30].…”

Case study of power allocation strategy for a grid‐side lead‐carbon battery energy storage system

“…In addition, it has lower unit investment cost and cost per energy [12]. With the massive production, the cost of lead-carbon batteries will be further reduced and the application prospects will be broader in the BESS [13]. However, lead-carbon BESS is made up of massive batteries and inconsistency among lead-carbon batteries is a major concern which has to be carefully considered in practical operation.…”