“…Carbon fibers (CFs) exhibit excellent mechanical, chemical, and physical properties, such as high tensile strength, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and electrical and thermal conductivity; thus, they can be widely applied in various industries, including the automotive, aerospace, construction, and ocean industries ( Jacob, 2014 ; Soutis, 2005 ; Błażejewski et al., 2018 ; Holmes, 2018 ; Caltagirone et al., 2021 ; Meng et al., 2017 ; Xiong et al., 2021 ; Cai et al., 2019 ; Wang et al., 2019 ). However, CFs have two major disadvantages that prevent them from being used commercially, namely their high cost compared to glass fiber, and poor wettability and adhesion owing to its highly crystalline graphitic surface structure ( Chukov et al., 2015 ; Kim et al., 2011 ; Yao et al., 2018 ).…”