BACKGROUNDThe emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) seriously harms the environment and human health. The prevention and control of VOCs pollution is a major challenge in the research field. Aiming at VOCs pollution treatment using green solvents, the absorptions of trichloromethane by synthesized tributyl(propyl)phosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([P4443][Tf2N]), tributyl(propyl)phosphonium tetrafluoroborate ([P4443][BF4]), tributyl(propyl)phosphonium trifluoroacetic acid ([P4443][CF3COO]) and xylene by trioctyl(propyl)phosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([P8883][Tf2N]) and trioctyl(propyl)phosphonium tetrafluoroborate ([P8883][BF4]) were experimentally measured. The mechanism of trichloromethane and xylene being absorbed by PILs with different anions was further discussed through simulation calculation.RESULTSThe phosphonium‐based ionic liquids (PILs) process excellent absorption capacity, such as [P4443][CF3COO] with the static saturation absorbing capacity up to 2.843 g/g for trichloromethane. PILs have a certain selective absorption ability for xylene, which has the highest absorption for o‐xylene reaching 1.462 g/g. The absorption energy data also prove that [CF3COO]− anion preferentially interacts with trichloromethane. Combine with the most stable structures of VOCs absorbed by PILs, the results of the Mulliken charge and frontier molecular orbitals indicate that PILs anions play a major role in chlorinated alkanes, and form hydrogen bonds with them. In addition, the cation can form C‐H…π bond interaction with xylene.CONCLUSIONThe experimental and calculated results showed that PILs is a promising adsorbent for trichloromethane and xylene. It provides reference for PILs designed to deal with VOCs in the future.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.