Design and optimization of an ultra-fast symmetrical 4 × 2 encoder based on 2D photonic crystal nano-resonators for integrated optical circuits

Fallahi, Vahid; Mohammadi, Masoud; Kordrostami, Zoheir; Seifouri, Mahmood; Olyaee, Saeed

doi:10.1007/s11082-021-03195-1

Cited by 25 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The encoders of references (Saranya and Shankar 2021) and (Arunkumar et al 2022) have a better contrast ratio than ours, but our ENC_2 design is better in footprint and response time. The encoders of references (Chhipa et al 2022) and (Fallahi et al 2021) are better in footprint than ours, but our response time and contrast ratio are better than theirs. The encoder of reference (Saranya and Rajesh 2020) has a contrast ratio and a response time better than ours, but the footprint is large and the rods are chalcogenide glass.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…According to the phase difference between the CW and CCW signals, the interference could be either constructive or destructive. Researchers proposed different designs for 4 × 2 PhC Encoders, using linear and non-linear materials, and using point defects, line defects, and/or ring resonators (Makvandi et al 2021;Rajasekar et al 2020;Mehdizadeh et al 2017;Chhipa et al 2022;Saranya and Shankar 2021;Latha et al 2022a, b;Arunkumar et al 2022;Fallahi et al 2021;Khatib and Shahi 2020;Saranya and Rajesh 2020;Mostafa et al 2019b), beside using cross-connected waveguides (Haddadan and Soroosh 2019), graphene stack in the center of a photonic crystal for approaching the encoding operation (Haddadan et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New designs of 4 × 2 photonic crystal encoders using ring resonators

2023

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Optical encoders are pivotal elements in optical communication applications. There is much need for ultra-compact and high-speed novel designs. This work proposes two new designs of fast, compact 4 × 2 optical encoders using two dimensional photonic crystals. The proposed structures consist of square lattice silicon rods embedded in an air background. The operation of these encoders is based on the wave interference technique. The encoders are designed to help in achieving better performance through increasing the contrast ratio and decreasing the power loss and the return loss. The PWE method is used to analyze the photonic band gap. We used FDTD simulation to obtain the electric field distribution inside each structure and the normalized output power. We prove that the scattering rods improve the directivity of the light toward the desired paths and decrease the backward reflection. The proposed encoders have small footprint areas of 204.8 and 160.4 μm2 and operate at wavelength 1550 nm. They achieve low response time (254 and 163 fs) and high contrast ratio (6.69 and 12.9 dB). Simplicity and compactness of the designs make them suitable for optical signal processors and photonic integrated circuits. Another advantage of these designs is that low input power is enough for the encoders’ operation, because there is no non-linear materials included. Our designs compete with the published works in the last few years especially in their footprint and response time.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New designs of 4 × 2 photonic crystal encoders using ring resonators

2023

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“…Periodicity in photonic crystals (PCs) causes photonic band gap (PBG) 18 . The presence or absence of periodicity in X, Y and Z directions has created three general structures of 1D, 2D and 3D along with fibers based on PCs 19 – 21 . Finally, by using these different structures, various sensors have been proposed, which can be divided into four general categories, including biosensors, gas sensors, mechanical sensors, and chemical sensors, each of which is also divided into different subsections as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity and quality factor improvement of photonic crystal sensors by geometrical optimization of waveguides and micro-ring resonators combination

Fallahi,

Kordrostami,

Hosseini

2024

Sci Rep

Self Cite

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In this work, the process of designing and simulating optical sensors based on photonic crystal (PC) micro-ring resonators (MRRs) has been investigated. According to the PC type, different waveguides and resonators can be designed, and various topologies can be proposed from their combination, for optical sensor applications. Here, the investigated MRR is of the symmetrical micro-hexagonal ring resonator (MHRR) type. Different arrays of MHRR arrangement have been designed to investigate their effects on the output spectrum. The results of the design and simulation of different topologies have been analyzed and compared with other numerical researches. Considering all the necessary aspects of PC optical sensors, a detailed and comprehensive algorithm has been presented for designing these devices and choosing the optimal structure. In a more complementary process, the effects of reflector rods have been investigated, which indicates the existence of similarity and compatibility in the design between the distance of reflector rods and the length of MHRRs to obtain the optimal structure. Finally, the effect of different values of lattice constant and radius of dielectric rods on FWHM, transmission (TR) and resonant wavelength is studied, and the most optimal mode is presented. In order to measure the performance of the proposed optimal sensor, its application for gas detection has been analyzed. TR, FWHM, quality factor (QF), sensitivity (S) and figure of merit (FOM) of the proposed sensor were equal to 96%, 0.31 nm, 2636, 6451 nm/RIU and 2960 RIU−1 respectively. An examination of results from similar research indicates a rational and effective approach for generating diverse topologies, aiming to attain the most optimal configuration for optical sensors employing MRRs. Furthermore, employing a systematic design process based on established principles and the proposed algorithm helps prevent arbitrary parameter variations, facilitating the attainment of desired outcomes in a more streamlined and efficient manner. Given the comprehensive nature of this research, it presents a viable solution for designing optical devices based on MRRs for use in optical integrated circuits (OICs) applications.

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“…The digital coding method mainly includes reflective Gray code, matrix code, m-sequence code, and single-ring Gray code [8][9][10][11]. The image encoding method uses an image to replace the encoder, and the imaging system projects specific images onto the CCD camera, utilizing its high-resolution characteristics; the angle and position measurements are achieved through software post-processing algorithms [12,13]. Reflective Gray code is the most widely used absolute coding method in the industry due to its uniqueness and monotropy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Absolute Photoelectric Encoder Based on Position-Sensitive Detector Sensor

Geng,

Cao,

Shang

et al. 2024

Electronics

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In response to the engineering, miniaturization, and high measurement accuracy requirements of encoders, this paper proposes a new type of absolute photoelectric encoder based on a position-sensitive detector (PSD). It breaks the traditional encoder’s code track design and adopts a continuous and transparent code track design, which has the advantages of small volume, high angle measurement accuracy, and easy engineering. The research content of this article mainly includes the design of a new code disk, decoding circuit, linear light source, and calibration method. The experimental results show that the encoder designed in this article has achieved miniaturization, simple installation and adjustment, and easy engineering. The volume of the encoder is Φ50 mm × 30 mm; after calibration, the resolution is better than 18 bits, and the accuracy reaches 5.4″, which further demonstrates the feasibility of the encoder’s encoding and decoding scheme.

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Design and optimization of an ultra-fast symmetrical 4 × 2 encoder based on 2D photonic crystal nano-resonators for integrated optical circuits

Cited by 25 publications

References 39 publications

New designs of 4 × 2 photonic crystal encoders using ring resonators

New designs of 4 × 2 photonic crystal encoders using ring resonators

Sensitivity and quality factor improvement of photonic crystal sensors by geometrical optimization of waveguides and micro-ring resonators combination

Absolute Photoelectric Encoder Based on Position-Sensitive Detector Sensor

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