Design and optimization of electrodialysis process parameters for brackish water treatment

Valorization of surface-water RO brines via Assisted-Reverse Electrodialysis for minerals recovery: Performance analysis and scale-up perspectives

“…In these cases, when the inlet conductivity increased from 10 µS cm -1 to 70 µS cm -1 , the electric specific energy consumption, SECElectric, was significantly reduced from ≈0.19 kWh m -3 to ≈0.15 kWh m -3 in the case of maximum permeate flow rate (42.5 m 3 h -1 ) by recirculating 2% of the outlet permeate flow rate, while it was reduced from ≈0.07 kWh m -3 to ≈0.04 kWh m -3 in the case of 4.5 m 3 h -1 when 16% of the outlet permeate flowrate was recycled. That effect was due to a higher inlet permeate conductivity in this latter case, which reduced the total stack resistance [52,54]. This benefit was significantly dampened when the inlet conductivity was further increased from 70 µS cm -1 to 160 µS cm -1 .…”

“…Capital specific costs (𝐶𝑎𝑝𝐶), conversely, were assumed to be proportional to the installed membrane area, via a lumped specific plant cost, as often reported in the literature for electro-membrane processes [50,51] as: 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝐶 = 𝐶 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐽 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑥 10 −3 𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝜏 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 (16) where 𝐶 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 is the cost of the plant, assumed proportional to membrane cost (in € m -2 ), 𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 are the number of operating hours in a year (assumed equal to 8000) and 𝜏 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 is lifetime of the plant, assumed to be 5 years. The latter assumption allows to neglect the membrane replacement costs since it is reasonable to assume that the membranes have a lifetime of 5 years [52].…”

“…The input values used for the economic analysis are reported in A-RED plant lifetime (years) [34,52] 5…”

Application of Electrodialysis for the Selective Lithium Extraction Towards Cobalt, Nickel and Manganese from Leach Solutions Containing High Divalent Cations/Li Ratio

“…For instance, the development of unit operations based on the use of microorganismsultrawave, deep-eutectic solvents to leach cathodic materials as well as ionic liquidsdeep-eutectic solvents or supercritical fluids to extract and separate valuable metals from cathodic materials, are under investigation [10][11][12][13]. Electrodialysis (ED) is another relevant technology which is widely used in desalination processes [14,15]. This technology may advantageously reduce the environmental impact, the capital expenditure and operation expenditure of hydrometallurgical processes.…”

Assessment of Graphical Methods for Determination of the Limiting Current Density in Complex Electrodialysis-Feed Solutions

“…From the techno-economical point of view, it is important to run ED under optimal operating conditions [9][10][11][12]. Various parameters, such as feed solution composition, temperature, flow, membrane characteristics, spacers, applied power, and current density, impact the ED process efficiency [2,[13][14][15][16][17][18]. One of the core parameters for the ED process design is the limiting current density (LCD) [19][20][21][22][23].…”