Design and Parameter Identification of Wire and Arc Additively Manufactured (WAAM) Steel Bars for Use in Construction

Abstract

Additive manufacturing (AM) in industrial applications benefits from increasing interest due to its automation potential and its flexibility in manufacturing complex structures. The construction and architecture sector sees the potential of AM especially in the free form design of steel components, such as force flow optimized nodes or bionic-inspired spaceframes. Robot-guided wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is capable of combining a high degree of automation and geometric freedom with high process efficiency. The build-up strategy (layer by layer) and the corresponding heat input influence the mechanical properties of the WAAM products. This study investigates the WAAM process by welding a bar regarding the build-up geometry, surface topography, and material properties. For tensile testing, an advanced testing procedure is applied to determine the strain fields and mechanical properties of the bars on the component and material scale.

Reduction of Energy Input in Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) with Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)

“…Thereby, wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) of steel parts is mainly addressed. Recent investigations on low-alloyed steel [13][14][15][16] or high-alloyed steel [17,18] demonstrate the potential for these sectors.…”

Analysis of Ductile Fracture Obtained by Charpy Impact Test of a Steel Structure Created by Robot-Assisted GMAW-Based Additive Manufacturing

“…Researchers have studied different techniques for the process, including conventional gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), gas metal arc welding (GMAW), and cold metal transfer (CMT) [6,7]. This includes studies on topology, build-up geometry, and material properties of structures made by these methods [8,9]. Comprehensive studies have been conducted on defects in microstructure and methods to improve them by controlling deposition strategies and incorporating ancillary processes for quality enhancement [10][11][12].…”

3D printing with steel

“…The manufacturer of the welding material gives the yield strength as at least 420 N/mm 2 . This slight undercutting of the tensile test specimens is common in Additive Manufacturing, see [16]. The strengths are usually higher in tensile specimens that are loaded longitudinally to the course of the layers, so the unfavourable direction was assessed here.…”