Design and Properties of Antimicrobial Biomaterials Surfaces

Abstract

Emergence of antibiotic-resistance pathogens has caused serious health issues and if the current trend is to continue, treatment of the infection will become complicated and even unsuccessful due to new antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Therefore, there is a global drive to identify new methods to treat infection and develop better antibacterial materials and therapy. Although new and more potent antibiotics have aided the fight against microbes, they only offer a temporary solution because future bacteria strains may become resistant to these antibiotics and drugs. Recently, application of non-biological methods such as, electrical currents and photothermal/dynamic therapies to kill bacteria, reveal new approaches to design antimicrobial biomaterials, as complications stemming from drug-resistant bacteria can be obviated. Furthermore, recent research has focused on mimicking the surface patterns on plants and insects such as lotus leaves and dragonfly wings. Bio-inspired micro/nano patterns have been replicated on a variety of biomaterials to improve the bacterial resistance and other properties with good success. This is an exciting research area with immense practical and clinical potentials. In this review, recent advances in the application of chemical/biological approaches to combat bacterial infection and AMR are summarized and the related mechanisms are discussed.

Disregarded Free Chains Affect Bacterial Adhesion on Cross-Linked Polydimethylsiloxane Surfaces

“…Bacterial biofilms are steadfast gatherings of microbial organisms that instigate tenacious biofouling and biocorrosion in industrial domains and unrelenting infections that afflict humanity . To understand the dynamic process of biofilm formation, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with chemically cross-linked networks (CPDMS), as one of the most popular elastomers, has been often exploited as a model material to study bacteria–material interactions due to its wide utilization in medical fields for catheters, contact lenses, medical adhesives, implants, etc. , Over the past decades, researchers have done extensive work showing that bacterial adhesions on CPDMS are regulated by various physicochemical properties of the surface, such as morphology, − stiffness, − and wettability. , However, most of these studies have overlooked the potential influence of uncross-linked free chains of PDMS that dissociate in CPDMS on bacterial adhesion behavior. Therefore, the majority of current investigations regarding the adherence of bacteria onto CPDMS surfaces have been conducted in bivariate circumstances.…”

Adhesion of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus fermentum to Films and Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds from Composites of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) with Magnetic Nanoparticles in a Low-Frequency Magnetic Field

“…The presence of sharp protrusions on the surface with linear dimensions of the vertices being hundredths of microns and sufficiently far apart from each other may give them bactericidal properties, presumably due to the fact that bacterial membranes are stretched and damaged upon contact with them. This is more important for Gram-positive bacteria than for Gram-negative bacteria due to differences in their cell wall structure [ 45 , 46 , 47 ]. In some studies, the bacteriotoxicity of graphene nanoplates possessing sharp edges is also attributed to this effect [ 23 , 48 ].…”

“…However, a decrease in the number of bacteria on the surface of the material may not only indicate its anti-adhesive properties but also its bactericidal properties. Reviews by Li et al and Mehrjou et al list several piezoelectric materials for which a bactericidal effect has been shown [ 18 , 47 ]. There are a number of theories explaining the mechanisms of the microelectric field generated by the PEE on the surface of the piezoelectric material on bacterial cells.…”

Interdisciplinary‐Inspired Smart Antibacterial Materials and Their Biomedical Applications

“…and layered 2D materials (MXenes, graphene, black phosphorus, and their derivatives). [63] Nevertheless, the biocompatibility of materials needs to be evaluated carefully before clinical application, thus drawing the safety awareness of antibacterial PTT, as hyperthermia may also damage normal tissues. It is generally agreed that the ideal antibacterial materials should produce maximum sterilization and minimum cytotoxicity.…”