A bis(18-crown-6) Tröger's base receptor and 4substituted hepta-1,7-diyl bisammonium salt ligands have been used as a model system to study the interactions between non-polar side chains of peptides and an aromatic cavity of a protein. NMR titrations and NOESY/ROESY NMR spectroscopy were used to analyze the discrimination of the ligands by the receptor based on the substituent of the ligand, both quantitatively (free binding energies) and qualitatively (conformations). The analysis showed that an allanti conformation of the heptane chain was preferred for most of the ligands, both free and when bound to the receptor, and that for all of the receptor-ligand complexes, the substituent was located inside or partly inside of the aromatic cavity of the receptor. We estimated the free binding energy of a methyl-and a phenyl group to an aromatic cavity, via CH-π, and combined aromatic CH-π and π-π interactions to be À 1.7 and À 3.3 kJ mol À 1 , respectively. The experimental results were used to assess the accuracy of different computational methods, including molecular mechanics (MM) and density functional theory (DFT) methods, showing that MM was superior.
Results and Discussion
Description of the model systemReceptor 1 consists of a Tröger's base motif with 18-crown-6 moieties fused to each end of the aromatic cavity, and is synthesized in one step by the condensation of commercially [a] A