“…In the past, several neuroanatomy learning tools have been developed and / or evaluated for their educational efficacy ( Stewart, Nathan and Nyhof-Young, 2007 ; Nowinski et al , 2009 ; Adams and Wilson, 2011 ; Chariker, Naaz and Pani, 2011 ; Ruisoto et al , 2012 ; Li et al , 2014 ; Palomera, Mendez and Galino, 2014 ; Drapkin et al , 2015 ; L. K. Allen, Eagleson and de Ribaupierre, 2016 ; de Faria et al , 2016 ; Cui et al , 2017 ). Although, these studies have reported enhanced learners’ knowledge of neuroanatomy, none have documented the theoretical underpinnings and the conceptual framework which informed the pedagogical design of these e-learning tools, thus raising queries with regards to their instructional design.…”