Design considerations for flat-plate-photovoltaic/thermal collectors

A Review of Performance Hybrid Photovoltaic/Thermal System for General Applications

“…After the flow of water through the collector the collector heat dissipation to the environment as it is able to earn more heat, in Figure (5) below shows the changes in heat consumption, outlet temperature assistant heat source, the outlet temperature of heat storage tank in the collector system along with changes in ambient temperatures in the outdoor, the startup assistant heat source is consistent with changes in ambient temperatures outdoors, temperature of the working fluid in the heat storage tank to meet the demand of pregnancy, when the value of the highest solar radiation, heat storage tank will get more heat. The results of this study can be seen from the results of the simulation direction operating for the full year in the system to PV/T collector 32m 2 in size in the system can achieve annual energy production 4195 kWh, which means that the unit square meters of collector PV/T can output 131 kWh electricity annually, through the analysis of simulation results found the heating season that the solar part of the solar heating system is 31.7%, which is close to the design value of 30% [34]. Several investigations have been conducted on flat plate PV/T collector in theory, as well as, the experience of development of cogeneration components such PV thermal (PV/T), which consists of a combination of photovoltaic (PV) cells and solar thermal energy.…”

“…It was a reflection of the spectrum and the spectral response of the cell was measured and is summarized in Fig. 6 it absorbs about 90% of the radiation from the inside of the cell while only 15% is converted to generate electricity [37,38]. Solar thermal energy absorption components can provide more effective solutions by beneficial capturing the heat produced in the PV cell and PV cell temperature PV/T collectors represented in case use of solar energy [39].…”

“…To ensure solar cell operate at low temperature and keep the PV module efficiency at a sufficient level, where used natural or forced (air or water) circulation as a simple method to remove heat from PV modules, but this method is less effective, especially if the ambient temperature is more than 20 ºC, to overcome that can be extracted the heat by circulating (air or water) through a heat exchanger that is mounted at the back surface of the PV module. Where PV/T systems provide a higher energy output than standard PV modules and could be cost effective additional to that thermal unit is low [10][11][12]. These systems which working as solar active devices need requires to good oriented surfaces that towards the equator by suitable orientations on the surface must be exploitation for each square meter with orientation in order to achieve maximize the energy yield with keep the efficiency in suitable level [13].…”

A review of performance hybrid photovoltaic/thermal system for general - applications

“…To ensure solar cell operate at low temperature and keep the PV module efficiency at a sufficient level, where used natural or forced (air or water) circulation as a simple method to remove heat from PV modules, but this method is less effective, especially if the ambient temperature is more than 20ºC, to overcome that can be extracted the heat by circulating (air or water) through a heat exchanger that is mounted at the back surface of the PV module. Where PV/T systems provide a higher energy output than standard PV modules and could be cost effective additional to that thermal unit is low [10][11][12]. These systems which working as solar active devices need requires to good oriented surfaces that towards the equator by suitable orientations on the surface must be exploitation for each square meter with orientation in order to achieve maximize the energy yield with keep the efficiency in suitable level [13].…”

Experimental Investigation of Single Pass, Double Duct Photovoltaic Thermal (PV/T) Air Collector with CPC and Fins

“…Hendrie and Raghuraman [3] have been made a comparative experimental study in (pv/t) collectors with liquid and air as the heat removal fluid (working fluid). Cox and Raghuraman [4] suggested air type photovoltaic thermal system by analysis the effect of various design variables on the performance of the system. Lalovic et al [5] fabricated photovoltaic thermal collector using amorphous Silicon pv cell and its performance was tested.…”