Design, Control, Modeling, and Simulation of Mechanical Ventilator for Respiratory Support

Abstract

In the early stage of the 21st century, humankind is facing high medical risks. To the best of our knowledge, there is currently no efficient way to stop chains of infections, and hence citizens suffer significantly increasing numbers of diseases. The most important factor in this scenario is the lack of necessary equipment to cure disease and maintain our living. Once breath cannot be guaranteed, humans find themselves in a dangerous state. This study aimed to design, control, model, and simulate mechanical ventilator that is open-source structure, lightweight, and portable, which is proper for patients to cure themselves at home. In the scope of this research, the hardware platform for the mechanical design, implementation of control rules, and some trials of both simulations and experiments are presented as our methodology. The proposed design of ventilator newly features the bioinspired mechanism, finger-like actuator, and flow rate-based control. Firstly, the approximate evaluation of the lung model is presented with some physiological characteristics. Owing to this investigation, the control scheme was established to adapt to the biological body. Moreover, it is essential for the model to be integrated to determine the appropriate performance of the closed-loop system. Derived from these theoretical computations, the innovative concept of mechanical design was demonstrated using the open-source approach, and the real-world model was constructed. In order to estimate the driving torque, the hardware modeling was conducted using mathematical expressions. To validate the proposed approach, the overall system was evaluated using Matlab/Simulink, and experiments with the proposed platform were conducted in two situations: 20 lpm as a reference flow rate for 4 seconds and 45 lpm for 2.5 seconds, corresponding to normal breath and urgent breath. From the results of this study, it can be clearly observed that the system’s performance ensures that accurate airflow is provided, although the desired airflow fluctuates. Based on the test scenario in hardware, the RMS (root-mean-square) values of tracking errors in airflow for both cases were 1.542 and 1.767. The proposed design could deal with changes in airflow, and this machine could play a role as a proper, feasible, and robust solution to support human living.

Design and Analysis of a Low-Cost Electronically Controlled Mobile Ventilator, Incorporating Mechanized AMBU Bag, for Patients during COVID-19 Pandemic

“…The article carried out a numerical analysis for reliably predicting the deliverables of a low-cost mechanical ventilator [ 59 ]. Also, Tran et al has made an attempt to design, fabricate with a monitoring model, and to simulate a traditional mechanical ventilator with features of portability, bioinspired mechanism, finger-like actuator, and so on [ 60 ]. The same results have been revealed by Al Husseini et al who discuss the design of an economically viable portable mechanical ventilator for the challenging environment of developing and underdeveloped regions of the world [ 61 ].…”

A Novel Mixed Finite/Infinite Dimensional Port-Hamiltonian Model of a Mechanical Ventilator

“…Tran et al, [2], conducted research whose main goal was to design, control, model, and simulate a mechanical ventilator that is light in weight, portable, and suitable for use at home. [2], modelled the mechanical ventilator as a voltage source. El-Hadj et al [3], applied the fluid-structure Interaction (FSI)…”

Modelo Matemático en Matlab de Parámetros Ventilatorios para Simular las Ondas de Presión, Flujo y Volumen en los Modos Controlados por Presión y Volumen

“…Existen en la literatura métodos de simulación para problemas cardíacos, latidos del corazón, movimientos esqueléticos que usan como programa principal MATLAB [30][31] [32]. En el caso de las simulacione s respiratorias con MATLAB diferentes autores implementan modelos a base de circuitos electrónicos [33].…”

“…La construcción de ventiladores mecánicos ha experimentado un fuerte aumento durante la pandemia mundial. Los gobiernos y las empresas están motivando a sus investigadores a desarrollar, simular y probar sus propios ventiladores mecánicos [13]. La importancia de desarrollar y simular modelos matemáticos se orienta a conocer el comportamiento durante su ejecución tomando parámetros ventilatorios, estos guían la construcción de un ventilador mecánico [14].…”