Design, fabrication, and testing of convex reflective diffraction gratings

Xu, Di; Owen, Joseph D.; Papa, Jonathan C.; Reimers, Jacob; Suleski, Thomas J.; Troutman, John R.; Davies, Matthew A.; Thompson, Kevin P.; Rolland, Jannick P.

doi:10.1364/oe.25.015252

Cited by 34 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The measured surface is shown by the lines and data points; the model is shown by the solid surface. An example of the measurement of a structured surface has been shown by Xu et al [111] where scanning white light interferometry and optical methods were used to measure a structured spherical surface, a convex spherical blazed grating for a freeform spectrometer.…”

Section: Measurement Of Surface Topography and Formmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra-Precision Machining: Cutting With Diamond Tools

Lucca

Klopfstein

Riemer

2020

Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering

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This article is written as a tribute to Professor Frederick Fongsun Ling 1927-2014. Single point diamond machining, a subset of a broader class of processes characterized as ultra-precision machining, is used for the creation of surfaces and components with nanometer scale surface roughnesses, and submicrometer scale geometrical form accuracies. Its initial development centered mainly on the machining of optics for energy and defense related needs. Today, diamond machining has broad applications that include the manufacture of precision freeform optics for defense and commercial applications, the structuring of surfaces for functional performance, and the creation of molds used for the replication of a broad range of components in plastic or glass. The present work focuses on a brief review of the technology. First addressed is the state of current understanding of the mechanics that govern the process including the resulting forces, energies and the size effect, forces when cutting single crystals, and resulting cutting temperatures. Efforts to model the process are then described. The workpiece material response when cutting ductile and brittle materials is also included. Then the present state of the art in machine tools, diamond tools and tool development, various cutting configurations used, and some examples of diamond machined surfaces and components are presented. A discussion on the measurement of surface topography, geometrical form and subsurface damage of diamond machined surfaces is also included.

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Section: Measurement Of Surface Topography and Formmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra-Precision Machining: Cutting With Diamond Tools

Lucca

Klopfstein

Riemer

2020

Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering

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“…Two main techniques are used today to make highaperture gratings: ruling method (based on the classic Rowland ruling engines and precision lathes with numerical program control) and holographic method [1][2][3][4][5][6]. However, these techniques do not allow making diffraction structures on nonplanar working surfaces with large deflection (5 mm and more) while keeping a high concentration of energy in the diffraction working order and a moderate level of scattered light [7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Relevancementioning

confidence: 99%

New Technical Solutions in the Production Method of High-Aperture Ruled Diffraction Gratings

Mel’nikov¹,

Lukin²

2019

EPJ Web Conf.

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“…By synchronous linkage of multiple axes of ultra-precision machine tools and precise control of the tool–workpiece relative position according to the geometry of the convex grating, grating structures with variable pitch can be fabricated. Di Xu et al [ 11 ] used a Moore Nanotechnology 350 FG ultra-precision five-axis machine to cut convex gratings of variable pitch on brass C46400 substrate with a grating density of 300 lines/mm and blazed surface roughness of about 10–15 nm RMS and 30–45 nm Rz. The design was suitable for the 500–1100 nm spectral range.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra-Precision Cutting and Characterization of Reflective Convex Spherical Blazed Grating Elements

Peng

Guan

et al. 2022

Micromachines

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In this work, based on the diffraction principle of reflective blazed grating, the structure size of the convex spherical blazed grating unit is determined, the machining accuracy of the convex spherical blazed grating is formulated, the effects of tool nose radius and Poisson burr on the diffraction efficiency of the convex spherical blazed grating are analyzed, and the performances of cutting convex gratings with microcrystalline aluminum RSA6061 and RSA6061+ chemically plated NiP for two workpiece materials are compared. A convex spherical blazed grating with a radius of curvature R = 41.104 mm, substrate diameter 14 mm, grating density 53.97 line/mm, and blaze angle of roughly 3.8° is turned by a four-axis ultra-precision machining system by adjustment of the cutting tool, workpiece material, and cutting parameters, as well as modification of the layouts of the blazed grating on the convex sphere. The results of the testing of convex spherical blazed grating elements in both layouts show that the size error of the grating period is close for both layouts, the size error of grating height is smaller in the equal-along-arc layout, the blaze angle error in the equal-along-projection layout is only 0.74%, and the average roughness of the blazed surface is less than 5 nm to meet the processing quality requirements of the reflective convex spherical blazed grating. The greater the blaze angle accuracy of the blazed grating, the higher its diffraction efficiency, so the grating element with an equal-along-projection layout has a higher diffraction efficiency than the grating element with an equal-along-arc layout. RSA6061+ chemically plated NiP material is superior to RSA6061 material in Poisson burr height and blazed surface roughness, which is more suitable for Offner-type imaging spectrometers in the spectral range 0.95–2.5 μm (SWIR).

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Design, fabrication, and testing of convex reflective diffraction gratings

Cited by 34 publications

References 13 publications

Ultra-Precision Machining: Cutting With Diamond Tools

Ultra-Precision Machining: Cutting With Diamond Tools

New Technical Solutions in the Production Method of High-Aperture Ruled Diffraction Gratings

Ultra-Precision Cutting and Characterization of Reflective Convex Spherical Blazed Grating Elements

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