Design Guideline for Developing Safe Systems that Apply Electricity to the Human Body

Abstract

The human body has unique electrical characteristics. These characteristics have been investigated in various studies in human-computer interaction (HCI) and related research fields. Such studies include applications for using the body as a conductive lead for transmission or electric field sensing and activating human muscles or organs. However, electricity is not completely safe for the human body; therefore, to avoid harming users, careful consideration is essential when developing such devices. The knowledge required for such consideration is spread throughout a large number research fields, and it can be difficult for researchers in the HCI field to comprehend all of them. The purpose of this article is to support researchers in developing systems that apply electricity to the human body and to serve as a basis for further research. This article reviews previous research pertaining to HCI in which users come into contact with electricity. In addition, considerations of how and where this type of research can be expanded, along with guidelines grounded in other fields for designing systems safely and addressing ethical concerns, are presented. An understanding of the field and of the related safety issues will enhance the understanding of limitations and potential and can clarify the design space.

Establishment of a Numerical Model to Design an Electro-Stimulating System for a Porcine Mandibular Critical Size Defect

“…The computed currents of 1.244 mA flowing between electrode and tissue may be perceptible according to [67] (reproduced in [68]); however, this value is far from the threshold for muscular reactions (5 mA [67]). Consequently, the electric currents present in the optimized stimulation setup may be acceptable for long-term stimulation.…”

Self-powered electro-tactile system for virtual tactile experiences

“…S2, A and B). It is worth mentioning that the current of discharge, especially powered by TENG, is much smaller than that of the reported ET display [5 mA of the ET device ( 10 ) and 0.96 to 1.83 mA of the ET tattoo ( 14 )], contributing to safe stimulation to skin (under 10 mA) ( 13 ) as well as the simplification of the two-electrode mode to one-electrode fabrication. With the real-time output from TENGs and corresponding discharge stimulation, this ET interface can successfully reproduce virtual spatial patterns (e.g., figures and letters) to users.…”

Grutio: System for Reproducing Swallowing Sensation Using Neck-Skin Movement

“…However, stimuli that cause subluxation of the hyoid bone have been noted to have the potential to cause aspiration [13]. Currently, safety guidelines for the use of electrical stimulation are being studied [14]. Aspiration, including aspiration pneumonia, is a serious or life-threatening risk.…”