Design of a Multimodal Oculometric Sensor Contact Lens

Abstract

Oculometric data, such as gaze direction, pupil size and accommodative change, play a key role nowadays in the analysis of cognitive load and attentional activities, in particular with the development of Integrated Visual Augmentation Systems in many application domains, such as health, defense and industry. Such measurements are most frequently obtained by different devices, most of them requiring steady eye and body positions and controlled lighting conditions. Recent advances in smart contact lens (SCL) technology have demonstrated the ability to achieve highly reliable and accurate measurements, preserving user mobility, for instance in measuring gaze direction. In this paper, we discuss how these three key functions can be implemented and combined in the same SCL, considering the limited volume and energy consumption constraints. Some technical options are discussed and compared in terms of their ability to be implemented, taking advantage of recent developments in the field.

Clear Aligners and Smart Eye Tracking Technology as a New Communication Strategy between Ethical and Legal Issues

“…In such instances, the only distracting element seems to be the lips. Ultimately, the difference between our study and others currently available on smart eye-tracking technology, in the dental and non-dental fields, lies in the fact that we used a smartphone and not a dedicated workstation as the other studies have [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 67 ], in which gaze was tracked, recorded and then analyzed by devices that support this technology in a non-integrated way, but rather through special glasses, webcams and specifically developed external sensors. The real invisibility of the technology that we used for this study, as well as its usability and ease of use, give rise to ethical and legal implications.…”

“…Studies centered around this type of gaze assessment place the subjects involved in front of a PC with a webcam or special glasses capable of recording the movement of their gaze [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ]. There are discussions in the literature on the possible weaknesses of the results thus obtained, due to the fact that stress, discomfort, and awareness of being in a controlled environment can alter the quality of visual attention [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]. Smartphones, on the other hand, act as catalysts for visual attention, making the subjects feel at ease, as if external interference were not perceivable, but rather as if an immediate and engrossing relationship between subject and device were more obvious [ 59 , 60 , 61 ].…”

“…The other 50 patients (25 males and 25 females) made up group B, which included patients already in orthodontic therapy, former orthodontic patients and patients who had requested an orthodontic evaluation. The sample size of 100 subjects was deemed appropriate and representative, since such an amount is larger than that used in many other eye-tracking research samples [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]. We established the “problem discoverability” ( p ) at 0.05 and the “problem discovery goal” ( P ( x ≥ 1)) at 0.95, and applied the formula: P ( x ≥ 1) = 1 − (1 − p ) n where n is the sample size, and its value equals 59.…”

“…From the outset, gaze-tracking methods have been widely used for commercial purposes to study the best marketing strategies and profile consumer preferences, as well as in the field of home automation. In the medical field, such tools can support neuro-oculomotor investigations meant to improve the life quality of patients with neuro-motor deficits [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ]. The null hypotheses for this study are that there are no significant differences between subjects of the orthodontic and non-orthodontic groups in their knowledge, expectations and perception of clear aligner therapies, and that visual attention is not influenced by the presence of clear aligners, by the characteristics of the different types of aligners or by the presence of lips.…”