Design of a Ratiometric Plasmonic Biosensor for Herceptin Detection in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer

Abstract

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in women; therefore, its early detection and treatment are crucial. To achieve this goal, we designed an optical sensor based on direct interaction of trastuzumab [Herceptin (HER)], a monoclonal antibody used to treat HER2-positive breast cancer, with plasmonic nanoparticles. Surface-modified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have gained considerable attention in biosensing techniques over the last years, which actuated these nanoparticles to the heart of various biosensing notions. We have exploited the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of gold nanoparticles to determine HER in human serum. AuNPs were decorated with negatively charged citrate ions, yielding enhanced direct-surface interaction with HER antibodies. The AuNPs are mixed with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in an optimized ratio to increase selectivity and sensitivity further. AuNPs detect the HER antibodies using LSPR, whereas AgNPs help monitor interferences’ effect on the sensing media. The three effective factors in HER sensing, including the nanoparticle ratio, temperature, and pH were optimized via response surface methodology (RSM) based on the central composite design (CCD). The sensor’s response toward HER was achieved in the linear range of 0.5 × 10–7 to 40 × 10–7 M with the detection limit of 3.7 × 10–9 M and relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 5%. The selectivity of the LSPR sensor was assessed by monitoring its response toward HER in the presence of other biological molecules with similar physicochemical properties. Rapid response time (less than 1 min), selectivity, and the simplicity of the developed LSPR-based sensor are the key advantages of the developed sensor.

Microfluidics-Based Nanobiosensors for Healthcare Monitoring

“…Nanobiosensors have remarkable potential for the detection of various microbes, disease biomarkers, environmental pollutants, and drug delivery (e.g., pathogen in food, blood pathogen biomarkers in blood) [ 47 , 48 ]. They also have the potential to detect early cancer in body fluids (e.g., breast cancer) [ 49 ]. Based on research progress in this area, nanobiosensor devices could move from the laboratory to the commercial level.…”

Optimization of Ethanol-Based Extraction Process for Duliang Formula by Central Composite Design and Response Surface Methodology

“…RSM was used to optimize the effects of ethanol concentration, solvent volume ratio, and extraction duration on the extraction process of Duliang formula. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] The data were analyzed with Design-Expert (8.0.6) statistical software, and the multiple linear regression fitting equations were obtained: Y = 0.5117 + 0.1198X1 + 0.0415X2 + 0.0492X3 − 0.0122X1X2 + 0.0423X1X3 + 0.0176X2X3.…”

“…RSM was used to optimize the effects of ethanol concentration, solvent volume ratio, and extraction duration on the extraction process of Duliang formula. 13‐21 The data were analyzed with Design-Expert (8.0.6) statistical software, and the multiple linear regression fitting equations were obtained:The quadratic polynomial regression equation was:The results show that the established multivariate linear model ( P > .05) fitted poorly, and was not significant, so it cannot pass the test. The quadratic polynomial model was significant ( P < .05), which showed that the experimental results can be highly correlated with the prediction model.…”

Study on Central Composite Design Method to Optimize the Preparation Process of Chrysophanol‐Pluronic F127 Nanomicelles and Pharmacokinetics

“…Optimization of Prescription by Central Composite Design Method. The amount of organic solvent(acetone) and the ratio of drug amount to excipient amount were selected as two conditions for prescription optimization using the central composite design response surface method (CCD design method) [19][20][21] using Design Expert 12 software [22].…”