Design of a spaceworthy adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator

Serlemitsos, Aristides T.; Sansebastian, Marcelino; Kunes, Evan S.

doi:10.1016/0011-2275(92)90253-7

Cited by 28 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…In the interim, magnet technology advanced markedly, both in terms of engineering current density and small wire size. The commercial availability of small diameter, multifilamentary wire makes it possible construct compact, high field (2--4 T), low current (2--4 amps) magnets that suitable for use in space missions using ADRs [10,11], as well as low cost laboratory systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of the magnetocaloric effect in single-stage, multi-stage and continuous adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators

Shirron

2014

Cryogenics

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Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators (ADR), based on the magnetocaloric effect, are solid--state coolers that were the first to achieve cooling well into the sub--kelvin regime. Although supplanted by more powerful dilution refrigerators in the 1960s, ADRs have experienced a revival due to the needs of the space community for cooling astronomical instruments and detectors to temperatures below 100 mK. The earliest of these were single--stage refrigerators using superfluid helium as a heat sink. Their modest cooling power (<1 µW at 60 mK[1]) was sufficient for the small (6x6) detector arrays[2], but recent advances in arraying and multiplexing technologies[3] are generating a need for higher cooling power (5--10 µW), and lower temperature (<30 mK). Single--stage ADRs have both practical and fundamental limits to their operating range, as mass grows very rapidly as the operating range is expanded. This has led to the development of new architectures that introduce multi--staging as a way to improve operating range, efficiency and cooling power. Multi--staging also enables ADRs to be configured for continuous operation, which greatly improves cooling power per unit mass. This paper reviews the current field of adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration, beginning with a description of the magnetocaloric effect and its application in single--stage systems, and then describing the challenges and capabilities of multi--stage and continuous ADRs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of the magnetocaloric effect in single-stage, multi-stage and continuous adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators

Shirron

2014

Cryogenics

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“…The proprietary manufacturing process by Konoshima Chemical Co., Japan achieves 99% of single-crystal density. The wafers are stacked inside a high-purity copper enclosure that is hermetically enclosed within a stainless steel sleeve and sealed with 1 atmosphere of 3 He for heat exchange. The two types of salt pill are shown in Figure 3.…”

Section: Salt Pillsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The two pieces are hermetically sealed in a containment tube (with end flanges), with a charcoal getter assembly sealed onto one end. The switch is filled with 1 atmosphere of 3 He. The getter is heated with an external heater (a ruthenium oxide chip resistor) requiring only about 0.25 mW to reach 12 K. The turn on/turnoff time is approximately 1 minute.…”

Section: Gas-gap Heat Switchesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of a 3-stage ADR for the soft x-ray spectrometer instrument on the ASTRO-H mission

Shirron

Kimball

Wegel

et al. 2010

Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2010: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray

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The Japanese Astro-H mission will include the Soft X-ray Spectrometer (SXS) instrument, whose 36-pixel detector array of ultra-sensitive x-ray microcalorimeters requires cooling to 50 mK. This will be accomplished using a 3-stage adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR). The design is dictated by the need to operate with full redundancy with both a superfluid helium dewar at 1.3 K or below, and with a 4.5 K Joule-Thomson (JT) cooler. The ADR is configured as a 2-stage unit that is located in a well in the helium tank, and a third stage that is mounted to the top of the helium tank. The third stage is directly connected through two heat switches to the JT cooler and the helium tank, and manages heat flow between the two. When liquid helium is present, the 2-stage ADR operates in a single-shot manner using the superfluid helium as a heat sink. The third stage may be used independently to reduce the time-average heat load on the liquid to extend its lifetime. When the liquid is depleted, the 2nd and 3rd stages operate as a continuous ADR to maintain the helium tank at as low a temperature as possible -expected to be 1.2 K -and the 1st stage cools from that temperature as a single-stage, single-shot ADR. The ADR's design and operating modes are discussed, along with test results of the prototype 3-stage ADR.

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“…This capability is being retained for SXS. Various helium containment shells have been used in flight and laboratory ADRs, including machined Ti15333 [6], Vespel with an outer Ti15333 foil [4], and gamma-alumina with an inner Ti15333 foil [7]. Below 1 K, the gamma-alumina composite appears to have the best thermal performance, but we are also investigating T300 carbon composite instead of gamma-alumina.…”

Section: Recycling Sequencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is shown schematically in FIGURE 1. It can claim significant heritage from single stage ADRs, and yet has characteristics that enable it to meet the more challenging cooling requirements of SXS with smaller mass and size than the XRS ADR [4]. Maximum performance and operational flexibility are achieved if the two ADR stages are operated independently.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of a Two-Stage Adr for the Soft X-Ray Spectrometer (Sxs) Instrument on the Astro-H Mission

Shirron¹,

Kimball²,

Wegel³

et al. 2010

AIP Conference Proceedings

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NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center has begun developing the Soft X-ray Spectrometer (SXS) instrument that will be flown on the Japanese Astro-H mission. The SXS's 36-pixel detector array will be cooled to 50 mK using a two-stage adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR). A complicating factor for its design is that the ADR will be integrated into a superfluid helium dewar at 1.3 K that will be coupled to a 1.8 K Joule-Thomson (JT) stage through a heat switch. When liquid helium is present, the coupling will be weak, and the JT stage will act primarily as a shield to reduce parasitic heat loads. When the liquid is depleted, the heat switch will couple more strongly so that the ADR can continue to operate using the JT stage as its heat sink. A two-stage ADR is the most mass efficient option and it has the operational flexibility to work well with a stored cryogen and a cryocooler. The stages are operated independently, and this opens up a very large parameter space for optimizing the design. This paper discusses the optimization process and most relevant trades considered in the design of the SXS ADR, and its expected performance.

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Design of a spaceworthy adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator

Cited by 28 publications

References 1 publication

Applications of the magnetocaloric effect in single-stage, multi-stage and continuous adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators

Applications of the magnetocaloric effect in single-stage, multi-stage and continuous adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators

Design of a 3-stage ADR for the soft x-ray spectrometer instrument on the ASTRO-H mission

Optimization of a Two-Stage Adr for the Soft X-Ray Spectrometer (Sxs) Instrument on the Astro-H Mission

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