Design of a TENS knee pad with integrated textile electrodes

Akgün, Duygu Erdem; Yeşilpinar, Sevil; Şenol, Yavuz

doi:10.35530/it.072.03.1700

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 20 publications

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“…However, they are facing limitations caused by a lack of exibility which makes them peel off during movement, and problems are related to the hydrogel which entails a sticky feeling and requires cleaning of the stimulation site after the treatment session. [14,15] Those problems can be mitigated by using textile electrodes. The term textile electrode includes various kinds of electrically conductive textiles which are manufactured by employing conventional production methods from the textile industry using conductive materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of the Electrolyte concentration and amount on the Performance of Textile Electrodes in Electrostimulation: a systematic study

Euler

Guo

Persson

2022

Preprint

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Background: Textile-based stimulation electrodes are a fast-growing research area. With their advantages including reusability and the possibility for integration into garments, textile electrodes open up new possibilities that are not yet feasible today, e.g. various self-administrated treatments and rehabilitation based on neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). So far, most research has shown that textile-based stimulation electrodes perform more reliable when wetted with an electrolyte. However, there is no systematic investigation about which type and amount of electrolyte to use. Methods: In this study, double-layered textile electrodes have been produced by machine knitting with a size of 3x3 cm2. The electrodes were wetted step-wise with a liquid amount from 5 µL up to 320 µL; four levels of sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations, i.e. 0.9 %, 1.5 %, 5 % and 35 %, plus pure deionized water as a reference liquid were chosen. The study analyzed the behavior of the skin-electrode impedance when changing the moisture content and NaCl concentration. In addition, equivalent circuits were modelled for deeper insights into the mechanisms causing an impedance change.Results: Results showed that the impedance was greatly influenced by the liquid amount with amounts of 5 µL already significantly reducing the impedance compared to dry electrodes, caused by a substantial reduction in resistance. The reactance, on the other hand, was only partly influenced by the liquid amount showing a reduction upon higher liquid amounts only within a range of 5 – 40 µL. Further, a significant influence on the impedance by the presence of ions was found where the skin-electrode system wetted with saline NaCl solution were showing generally lower impedances than systems wetted with deionized water. However, within this, no remarkable influence of the NaCl concentration could be observed. Conclusion: Impedance was found to be very sensitive to the moisture content in the system, it is recommended to introduce standardizations for impedance testing of wet textile electrodes with precisely controlled electrolyte volumes and liquid migration properties to make independent studies of textile electrodes more comparable.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of the Electrolyte concentration and amount on the Performance of Textile Electrodes in Electrostimulation: a systematic study

Euler

Guo

Persson

2022

Preprint

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Industry‐Scalable Reusable Textile Electrodes for Neurostimulation Applications

Al‐Rasheed,

Lam,

Jambar

et al. 2024

Adv Healthcare Materials

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Neurostimulation delivers electrical pulses to modulate neuromuscular activity. Commonly used in medical interventions from pain relief to rehabilitation, neurostimulation typically uses manually placed hydrogel electrodes over the treated region. However, this method limits interventions requiring frequent, long‐term daily use. To address this, novel fully textile electrodes are developed using industrial programmable knitting machines. These electrodes are designed to be washable, reusable, flexible, and breathable, with embedded interconnects. Textile electrodes are made of yarns with stainless steel and PEDOT‐coated stainless steel conductive components. The electrodes' performance are compared with gel electrodes, characterizing impedance, sensorimotor stimulation thresholds, recruitment of induced movements, sensation levels, and perceived sensations. The effects of residential wash cycles and continuous use duration are also investigated. The proposed electrodes are found to perform similarly to hydrogel electrodes in all characterized metrics. No degradation in electrode performance is found after at least 30 wash cycles. Electrodes remained functionally intact after 1000 cycles of stretch loading at 50% of break strain. The textile electrodes consistently induced comfortable sensorimotor responses for at least six hours after donning. The proposed textile electrodes offer a novel and effective solution for neurostimulation interventions, paving the way for integration into smart garments and long‐term wearable health technologies.

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Silver-plated stretchable elastomeric electrodes for electrotherapy applications

Ali,

Tomkova,

Islam

et al. 2024

Journal of Industrial Textiles

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The present study aimed to develop wearable, electrically conductive hygienic electrodes and their use for Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) application. The development of electrodes was done in two stages. Firstly, the dispersion of conductive activated carbon particles was done into flexible elastomer followed by its silver electroplating. The Orthogonal Array Testing (OATS) technique was used to optimize the silver-plating recipe. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed the impact of activated carbon by increase in intensity of stretching bands. To improve electrode properties in response to various human body movements, resistivity changes due to stretching and repeated extension were tested on conductive elastomers. Increasing the extension degree allowed a very minute change in electrical resistivity. Therefore, the resistivity can be considered almost constant within the 0-60 % stretch range. While, a notable increase in electrical resistivity was observed after 70 % of stretch. However, the resistivity of elastomers remained stable even after repetitive extension (for over 100 cycles). Conversely, no significant change in resistivity was observed over time when subjected to a constant current. Furthermore, to minimize the effect of skin electrode resistivity during electrotherapy, the range of different pressure was applied over the surface of electrodes. Minimum value of resistivity about 1 Ω.mm was obtained at 6 N/cm2 of applied pressure. Additionally, hygienic properties, such as antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal were examined using different pathogens to assess the impact of the deposited silver particles. In the end, the durability of electrodes against washing and rubbing was confirmed. The potential applications of prepared electrodes are in the field of electrostimulation and electrotherapy etc.

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Design of a TENS knee pad with integrated textile electrodes

Cited by 3 publications

References 20 publications

Influence of the Electrolyte concentration and amount on the Performance of Textile Electrodes in Electrostimulation: a systematic study

Influence of the Electrolyte concentration and amount on the Performance of Textile Electrodes in Electrostimulation: a systematic study

Industry‐Scalable Reusable Textile Electrodes for Neurostimulation Applications

Silver-plated stretchable elastomeric electrodes for electrotherapy applications

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