“…However, in the context of computer-supported learning environments in which the teacher is outside of the learning process or is not immediately available, learners' engagement in and motivation to complete a task requiring mental effort decreases over time (Sins, Van Joolingen, Savelsbergh, & Van Hout-Wolters, 2008;Whipp & Chiarelli, 2004;Zhu, 2006). Therefore, a major interest for researchers and educators is examining how this type of learning environment can provide both dynamic and adaptive support for learners.In recent years, research examining the development of adaptive educational systems has offered advanced forms of learning environments that attempt to meet the needs of different students (Akbulut & Cardak, 2012;Diziol, Walker, Rummel, & Koedinger, 2010;Magoulas, Papanikolaou, & Grigoriadou, 2003;Mampadi, Chen, Ghinea, & Chen, 2011;Peredo, Canales, Menchaca, & Peredo, 2011;Tseng, Chu, Hwang, & Tsai, 2008). In practical terms, adaptive systems build a model that is tailored to the learner's characteristics, knowledge, goals, learning style and preferences (e.g., Brusilovsky, 2001;Papanikolaou, Grigoriadou, Kornilakis, & Magoula, 2003;Rasmussen & Davidson-Shivers, 1998;Specht & Oppermann, 1998).…”