Design of an amperometric xanthine biosensor based on a graphite transducer patterned with noble metal microparticles

Abstract

A mesoporous graphite material micro-structured with palladium-platinum deposits (mixed in the ratio of 70:30% Pd:Pt) has been used as a cost-effective electrode material for designing an amperometric biosensor for xanthine. The here reported biosensor shows significantly improved operational parameters as compared to previously published results. At a constant applied potential of −0.05 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) it is distinguished with enhanced selectivity of the determination: at the working potential the current from the electrochemical transformation of various electrochemically active substances usually attending biological fluids (incl. uric acid, L-ascorbic acid, glutathione and paracetamol) has been eliminated. The effect of both the temperature and buffer composition on the analytical performance of the sensor has been investigated. Under optimal operational conditions (25°C, −0.05 V vs. Ag/AgCl, phosphate buffer, pH 8.4), the following have been defined for the biosensor: sensitivity 0.39 µA µM−1, strict linearity of the response up to xanthine concentration 70 µM, detection limit of 1.5 µM (S/N=3) and a response time of at most 60 s.

Immobilization of Xanthine Oxidase on Carbon Nanotubes Through Double Supramolecular Junctions for Biosensor Construction

“…The regression equation of the present biosensor was: According to the signal-to-noise = 3 criterion, the detection limit was found to be 2 mM, which is similar to those achieved with other biosensor designs [25,29,30,33]. Furthermore, an apparent Michaelis-Menten constant, K M , and a maximum rate for the enzyme reaction, I MAX , were calculated as 0.58 mM and 503 nA, respectively.…”

“…This range of linearity extended about one order of magnitude wider than those previously reported for other xanthine biosensors [29][30][31][32].…”

Supramolecular immobilization of redox enzymes on cyclodextrin-coated magnetic nanoparticles for biosensing applications

“…There was a linear relationship between the measured anodic current and xanthine concentration ranging from 5 lM to 120 lM. In comparison with previous reports, this range of linearity is wider than that reported for other biosensors based on XO immobilized on Pd-Pt/graphite electrode (1.5-70 lM) [31], Nafion/Pt electrode (2-18.5 lM) [32], Prussian Blue/polypyrrole/Au colloid/Au electrode (1.0-70 lM) [33] and double-walled carbon nanotubes/CPE (2.0-50 lM) [34], but comparable or lower than those obtained at poly-5,2 0 :5 0 ,2 00 -terthiophine-3-carboxylic acid/ Au electrode (0.5-100 lM) [35], Au colloids/polypyrrole/Pt electrode (0.4-100 lM) [36] and laponite/GCE (39 nM-21 lM) [37].…”

Electrochemical biosensor based on REGO/Fe3O4 bionanocomposite interface for xanthine detection in fish sample

“…The essentiality of development of polymeric mediators for applications in biosensors is because it allows the incorporation of reagents (Çevik et al, 2010). Selective xanthine detection can be improved by using mediators, and by facilitating the electron exchange between enzyme active site and electrode (Dodevska, Horozova, & Dimcheva, 2010). Erden, Pekyardımcı, and Kılıç (2012) reported amperometric enzyme electrode for xanthine determination with 1,4 benzoquinone and poly (vinylferrocene) as mediators, Arslan, Yas¸ar, and Kiliç (2006) reported study on amperometric biosensor for xanthine determination prepared from xanthine oxidase immobilized on polypyrrole film, with ferrocene as a mediator, or Dodevska et al (2010) reported design of amperometric xanthine biosensor on a graphite transducer patterned with noble metal microparticles.…”

“…Selective xanthine detection can be improved by using mediators, and by facilitating the electron exchange between enzyme active site and electrode (Dodevska, Horozova, & Dimcheva, 2010). Erden, Pekyardımcı, and Kılıç (2012) reported amperometric enzyme electrode for xanthine determination with 1,4 benzoquinone and poly (vinylferrocene) as mediators, Arslan, Yas¸ar, and Kiliç (2006) reported study on amperometric biosensor for xanthine determination prepared from xanthine oxidase immobilized on polypyrrole film, with ferrocene as a mediator, or Dodevska et al (2010) reported design of amperometric xanthine biosensor on a graphite transducer patterned with noble metal microparticles. Some widely used redox copolymers trialing the covalent attachment of ferrocene are poly(vinylferrocene-cohydroxyethyl methacrylate) (Saito & Watanabe, 1998), poly(-glycidyl methacrylate-co-vinylferrocene) (Ş enel, Çevik, & Abasıyanık, 2012), acryl amide copolymers (Kuramoto, Shishido, & Nagai, 1994), poly(N-acryloylpyrrolidine-co-vinylferrocene) (Koide & Yokoyama, 1999), ferrocene-containing polythiophen derivatives , and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (Kandimalla, Tripathi, & Ju, 2006).…”