Design of an effective piezoelectric microcantilever biosensor for rapid detection of COVID-19

Hybrid fibrous (PVDF-BaTiO3)/ PA-11 piezoelectric patch as an energy harvester for pacemakers

“…This technical improvement may extend the flexible thin-film harvesters as a permanent energy source in self-powered biomedical devices to substitute or support conventional embedded batteries. 14 It was also found in another study, the flexible lead zirconate titanate mechanical harvester with a biocompatible encapsulation layer could be utilized to capture energy directly from bovine heart movement. During cardiac motions of contraction/relaxation, the flexible energy harvester and storage system maintained conformal contact on the heart without any destruction.…”

“…In other words, those materials are less flexible, can cause toxicity, and their piezoelectric stress voltage constant (g 31 ) indicating their sensitivity to mechanical load is lower than polymers. 19–21 As a result, it is recommended not to directly use ceramics to manufacture samples. Rather, ceramic nanoparticles can be used as enhancers to improve the piezoelectric properties as well as mechanical resistance of the polymers.…”

“…Many researchers have been exploiting new materials and fabrication processes to fabricate piezoelectric nanogenerators with enhanced efficiency. Hwang et al, 14 have developed flexible piezoelectric thin films made of Pb (Zr x and Ti 1-x ), O 3 (PZT), and (1-x) Pb (Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 ) O 3 -xPbTiO 3 (PMN-PT). This patch was able to convert a slight movement into an electrical signal and could be used as a power generator or sensitive mechanical nanosensor.…”

Current trends in COVID-19 diagnosis and its new variants in physiological fluids: Surface antigens, antibodies, nucleic acids, and RNA sequencing

“… Several minutes High sensitivity High selectivity Early detection in asymptotic patient Requirement of additional laboratory-based assays. [ 169 , 170 ] UV–vis spectroscopy Saliva Spike protein (Antigen detection) Few min High selectivity High sensitivity due to surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) Requirement of additional laboratory-based assays [ 95 ] Electronic Biosensor (Transistor based biosensor) Nasopharyngeal swab Spike protein (Antigen detection) Few min High sensitivity High selectivity Label-free sample Rapid Large specific surface area of graphene [ 87 ] Piezoelectric biosensors Sputum swabs, nasopharyngeal swabs, and throat swabs Spike protein (Antigen detection) Few min Rapid Cost-effective High sensitivity High Specificity Label-free simple Inaccurate values for some samples [ 171 , 172 ] Optical biosensors Saliva Spike protein Antigen detection 10–30 s No cross-reactivity High sensitivity Rapid detection In-house built electrochemical device Cost-effective – [ 85 ] Serum and saliva Immunoglobulin's antibodies (IgG, IgM, and IgA) – Rapid detection Cost-effective High throughput Require a long ...…”

Piezoelectric point-of-care biosensor for the detection of SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) antibodies

“…Additional benefits like high sensitivity, the flexibility of sensor size and low power consumption, and better sensitivity even at the low scale of the biomarker concentrations [ [15] , [16] , [17] ] are evident. Kabir et al (2021) utilized a PVDF-based piezoelectric microcantilever that is highly sensitive to mass-inducing stress, leading to tip deflections [ 18 ]. Zuo et al (2004) investigated the piezoelectric-based sensing of SARS-COV on an oscillating AT-cut PZ crystal sensitive to mass.…”