Measuring the neutron energy spectrum is important in
nuclear radiation detection and protection. Common neutron
spectrometers include the Bonner sphere spectrometer (BSS),
time-of-flight neutron spectrometer, and plastic scintillation
detector. Among them, the BSS is the most widely used for its wide
measurement range and simple operation. A BSS usually occupies a
large space because it contains several independent spheres working
at the same time, leading to poor consistency. This paper proposes a
multi-layer single-sphere spectrometer using water as the
moderator. The spectrometer includes a multi-layered sphere that can
be filled with water or air and a ^3He proportional counter
placed in the center of the sphere. To verify the feasibility of
this design, we use Geant4 to calculate the moderating ability of
water and the response functions of the multi-layer single-sphere
spectrometer. Additionally, several standard neutron energy spectra
(from IAEA) are used to test the response characteristics of this
spectrometer through simulation. The simulation results prove the
feasibility of the design. This research provides a theoretical
basis for a multi-layer single-sphere neutron spectrometer with
water as the moderator.