Design of Catalytically Active Cylindrical and Macroporous Gold Microelectrodes

Reculusa, Stéphane; Heim, Matthias; Gao, Feng; Mano, Nicolas; Ravaine, Serge; Kuhn, Alexander

doi:10.1002/adfm.201001761

Cited by 49 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…They combine an artifi cially increased active surface area with an improved mass transport due to the radial diffusion in the case of a cell with coaxial geometry. These features can lead to current densities that are one or two orders of magnitude higher compared to conventional electrodes, [ 33,35,36 ] which ultimately should lead to higher power output when such electrodes are used in energy conversion systems. Work in this direction is currently in progress.…”

Section: Doi: 101002/admi201500192mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…After these proof-of-principle experiments on a fl at substrate, we explored the possibility to transpose the present concept to cylindrical substrates for the design of effi cient electrochemical devices. As illustrated in Figure 4 we performed electrodeposition of the same metals through a cylindrical multilayered LB fi lm, [33][34][35] with SiO 2 particles of 600 nm deposited onto the surface of gold microwires (250 µm diameter).…”

Section: Doi: 101002/admi201500192mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bottom‐up Generation of Miniaturized Coaxial Double Electrodes with Tunable Porosity

Karajić

Reculusa

Heim

et al. 2015

Adv Materials Inter

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effi cient electrochemical devices, particularly in the fi eld of implantable biofuel cells and biosensors. Among other parameters, the diffusion and redox reaction of molecules such as oxygen determines the operating voltage and thus the effi ciency of oxygen-dependent biofuel cells. [ 25,26 ] The present work introduces a new and straightforward strategy for the bottom-up fabrication of a miniaturized coaxial electrode architecture based on highly organized porous gold as a structural material with controllable thickness and pore diameter. Preliminary experiments were carried out with goldcoated glass slides and, subsequently, gold microwires served as substrates for the deposition of silica particles using the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique to form a colloidal crystal on their surface.These silica opals were fi lled by electrodeposition with alternating metal layers in order to obtain a fi nal porous structure with two independently addressable macroporous gold electrodes. They constitute an extremely miniaturized and fully integrated electrochemical cell of either planar or cylindrical geometry with a characteristic active volume in the range of 0.1 µL, which can be further decreased if needed. Due to the controllable porosity and thickness of the electrode materials the approach that we present here opens a new path for the fabrication of electrochemical cells combining a signifi cantly decreased footprint with an increase in active surface area.The LB technique has been used for a long time for the controllable deposition of amphiphilic molecules or nanoparticles from a water-air interface onto the surface of a substrate. [27][28][29][30][31] It presents a very convenient approach to form homogeneous and well-organized colloidal crystals, which is complementary to other techniques that have been used such as controlled evaporation, electrophoretic deposition, and dip coating. [ 32 ] After dispersing the nanoparticles at the water-air interface of the LB trough, the compression of the fi lm is followed by measuring the surface tension as a function of fi lm area. The quality of the compression can be illustrated by depositing a defi ned number of silica particle layers on a solid substrate ( Figure 1 a).The so-obtained colloidal crystal is used as a template during a subsequent electrodeposition step. In order to obtain the fi nal miniaturized two electrode electrochemical cell, alternating gold-nickel-gold metal layers were generated in the colloidal crystal template, with the nickel layer playing the role of a sacrifi cial spacer between the two gold layers (Figure 1 b). In a fi rst set of experiments, a fl at gold substrate coated with multilayers of silica particles was used for the successive electrodeposition of gold, nickel, and gold under potentiostatic conditions. After dissolving the intermediate nickel layer (Figure 1 c), the structure is stabilized by incorporating a small amount of nail varnish at the extremities of the sandwich-type structure (in the The demand for miniaturized and eventually...

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Section: Doi: 101002/admi201500192mentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Doi: 101002/admi201500192mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bottom‐up Generation of Miniaturized Coaxial Double Electrodes with Tunable Porosity

Karajić

Reculusa

Heim

et al. 2015

Adv Materials Inter

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“…The final cylindrical and macroporous device is obtained by simultaneous etching of the silica beads and the glass capillary with 30 % HF over a period of 5 h (Figure h). Precise control over the electrochemical infiltration of the colloidal template with a conducting material can be achieved by following the current oscillations recorded during the potentiostatic electrodeposition . This phenomenon is attributed to the periodical change of electroactive surface experienced by the growing metal front while infiltrating the template.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Miniaturized Electrochemical Device from Assembled Cylindrical Macroporous Gold Electrodes

et al. 2016

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To design original electrochemical devices, self‐assembly and growth processes can be coupled to create a wide range of sophisticated architectures with interesting functionalities. In this work, we present a convergent strategy for the fabrication of a miniaturized, macroporous, and coaxial two‐electrode electrochemical cell with tunable porosity, thickness, and distance between individually addressable macroporous electrodes. The assembly presents a platform that could be used for the fabrication of high‐performance electrochemical devices such as miniaturized (bio)fuel cells, sensors, and batteries.

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“…Furthermore, pH sensing in the vicinity of a biological cell is possible using ruthenium oxide microelectrodes with a smaller risk of destroying the electrode. Porous metal microelectrodes were proposed before [19], especially because they are well adapted to compensate for the current loss due to the small geometric surface area [20]. However to the best of our knowledge porous RuO 2 microelectrodes have not been studied so far.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ordered Macroporous Ruthenium Oxide Electrodes for Potentiometric and Amperometric Sensing Applications

et al. 2011

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We report two methods to prepare ordered macroporous ruthenium oxide electrodes based on a template approach and their possible applications as potentiometric and amperometric sensors. The very stable porous electrodes have been prepared using two techniques to assemble the colloidal template: the controlled evaporation (CE) technique and the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique, followed by electrochemical deposition of ruthenium oxide. The increased surface area of the macroporous structure makes them attractive for electroanalytical applications such as potentiometric and amperometric sensors as is illustrated for pH sensing and direct oxidation of NADH, which is an important ingredient in dehydrogenase based biosensors.

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Design of Catalytically Active Cylindrical and Macroporous Gold Microelectrodes

Cited by 49 publications

References 49 publications

Bottom‐up Generation of Miniaturized Coaxial Double Electrodes with Tunable Porosity

Bottom‐up Generation of Miniaturized Coaxial Double Electrodes with Tunable Porosity

Miniaturized Electrochemical Device from Assembled Cylindrical Macroporous Gold Electrodes

Ordered Macroporous Ruthenium Oxide Electrodes for Potentiometric and Amperometric Sensing Applications

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