Design of duplex low carbon steels for improved strength: weight applications

Micromechanical modeling of dual phase steels

“…Many investigators like Rashid (1977), Rashid (1978), Gladman (1997) and Balliger (1982) have observed that void formation arises from both martensite particle fracture and interface decohesion. Gladman (1997), Koo and Thomas (1977) and Balliger (1982) stressed that major voids form in the fracture of martensite particles. Sun and Pugh (2002) have observed that the formation of voids takes place by both mechanisms depending on the morphology of the martensite.…”

Failure mechanisms in DP600 steel: Initiation, evolution and fracture

“…The microstructure of DP steels generally consists of a ferrite matrix with embedded martensite islands. The volume fraction and the size of the phases largely determine the tensile strength and formability [1][2][3]. The multiphase microstructure of DP steels results in a complex micromechanical behaviour.…”

Microstructure-mechanical property relationships of dual-phase steel wire

“…It is well established that the primary heterogeneous nucleation sites of austenite in a lath martensitic structure are the prior austenite grain boundaries and the lath boundaries [62,64]. In order that the heating rate to the annealing temperature can be a critical factor, the following must be true.…”

“…This leaves the cooling rate from the austenite phase field as the critical factor in the formation of grain boundary allotriomorphs. As suggested by Koo [64]. this effect is most likely the result of silicon segregation to the prior austenite grain boundaries where the repulsive interaction between the silicon and carbon atoms [65] would prevent the nucleation of austenite at these sites.…”

“…Careful microstructural examination by Koo [64] showed that this is not a major factor in the prevention of austenite nucleation at grain boundaries. however.…”