“…A linear equation between the N=N bond length and the absorption wavelength was developed, with r 2 = 0.90 and RMS error = 12.6 nm. When the Laplacian and ellipticity of electron density are added to the equation, the error of N N COPX General structure of acid azo dyes studied by De Giorgi and Carpignano[64], where X 1 and X 2 are typical groups used in aromatic substitution, and COP represents a naphtholsulphonic acid moiety 4 Y X = H, Cl, Br, CH 3 , Ph, COPh, NHCOPh, SPr Y, Z = H, OH, CNFigure 9…”