Design of low impact development in the urban context considering hydrological performance and life‐cycle cost

Abstract

The pressures on water system are increasing in cities. Rapid urbanisation caused by booming population leads to more impervious area and less infiltration, with the consequence of larger runoff volume and higher flood risk. Launched in 2014, the low impact development (LID), an important part of Sponge City in China initiative, invests in projects that aim to restore the water cycle in the urban area. A comprehensive understanding of the performance of LID measures at watershed scale under different rainfall scenarios and life cycle costs is necessary. The objectives of this study are to assess the hydrological performance and to identify the optimal LID design by using SWMM model and life cycle cost (LCC) method. This study found that LID practices, including bioretention, grass swale, and permeable pavement, showed good performance on urban storm mitigation at watershed scale under different rainfall scenarios. Furthermore, the rates of surface runoff reduction were largely insusceptible to the change of rainfall volume and duration. Regarding the cost-effectiveness, the priority was grass swale > bioretention > permeable pavement in the study area. The optimal LID scenario was the combination of these three types of LID. The proposed approach can help the decision-makers to determine the preferable LID plan suitable for the local communities.

Development of Rainfall-Runoff Models for Sustainable Stormwater Management in Urbanized Catchments

“…Several studies have confirmed that LIDs (Sustainable Drainage Systems, SUDs) have a positive impact on the hydrological and hydraulic load of traditional urban drainage systems; however, the biggest reduction was achieved in cases of small, relatively frequent rainfall events and more pervious soil types [199][200][201][202][203][204]. In case of extreme rainfall events, such a reduction in flow (water volume) is very limited and sensitive to local conditions.…”

Design and Simulation of Stormwater Control Measures Using Automated Modeling

“…This is typical for auto-calibration of SCMs, where an objective function has to be defined [25]. Otherwise, the performance of SCMs is usually evaluated only with hydrological parameters (e.g., peak flow reduction, total volume) after their predetermined design and model simulation [4,16,19]. The hydrograph-based SCM design can be extremely helpful in situations where not only the peak flow is a limitation, but also the flow distribution (i.e., downstream convergence of outflows from catchments with different dynamics).…”

“…In this context, the open-source Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) [15] is one of the most widely used models [16][17][18][19] enabling RR and hydraulic modeling of urban drainage. It also contains several SCM elements that can be integrated within the model, after being designed by the user separately.…”

“…. ) [4,16,19]. However, SCM benefits can also be evaluated from the non-hydrological perspective (e.g., economic, social, environmental) [23].…”

Permeable Pavements as a Means to Save Water in Buildings: State of the Art in Brazil

“…One of the most applied methodologies is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and its variants of cost, Life Cycle Cost Assessment (LCCA), and energy, Life Cycle Energy Assessment (LCEA). Some studies have evaluated the LCA [37][38][39][40], energy-related analysis [39,41] and LCCA [39,40,42,43] of concrete or asphalt permeable pavement systems or coatings. Antunes et al [44], for example, conducted a systematic review of the LCA of permeable pavements, whose conclusions corroborate the need for maturation of the technique.…”