Design of minskowsi fractal antenna for dual band application

Abstract

A reduction in physical size and multiband capability are important design requirements for antenna in future wireless devices. Designed process involved a mathematical analysis, numerical methods simulation and experimental measurement on fabricated antenna. The design and simulation process on purpose antenna was carried out using Microwave Office software. Then the proposed antenna was fabricated on FR4 Epoxy/glass substrate at KUiTTHO Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Fabrication Laboratory. Fractal antenna properties were observed from the measurement of return loss, standing wave ratio (SWR) bandwidth, beamwidth and also radiation pattern are presented in this project. Global Positioning System (GPS at 1.5 GHz) and Global System for Mobile (GSM 1800) frequencies are used as references frequency. The overall results were obtained and satisfied the fractal structure and fractal concept which is the fabricated antenna showed multiband frequencies when iteration is done and the size of antenna turn out to be smaller.

Factors Influencing the Purchase Decision of Affordable Housing Among Middle Income Earner: A Case Study of School teachers in Malaysia

“…The location factor follows at the third rank with the index of 4.09, and this contrast with the result of [1], where the location was ranked first in this study. This shows that people are not concerned if the workplace, school, and public facilities, such as hospitals and police stations, are far from their house.…”

“…Shelter is one of the basic needs crucial to human beings to protect them against harm, followed by food, sleep, and air. This hierarchy of human needs must be satisfied first from the lower to a higher level [1]. This clearly shows that housing forms are the foremost essential desires and life goals for people, leading the Malaysian government to enable homeownership [2]- [4].…”

A Novel Hybrid Fractal Antenna for Wireless Applications

“…So, we can say that the proposed antenna works on multiple resonant frequencies with high gain. [6] 42 × 42 2.49 6.5 [10] 78 × 38 1.54/1.88 − [13] 100 × 50 1.75/3.0/4.5/6.0 1.35/4.08/4.22/7.34 [14] 70 × 70 2.4 2.3 [15] 22 × 22 4.26 1.67 [21] 50.5 × 83.5 1.1/3.4/5.8 1.74/5.95/4.22 [22] 60 × 20 2.0/5.0 1.8/2.4 [23] 41 × 100 1.8/5.0/6.9 − [24] 100 × 100…”

“…So, geometries and dimensions of fractal structures are important deciding factor for the operative resonant frequencies [9]. Self similarity and space filling is key properties of fractal geometries used in designing fractal antennas [10,11]. The self similarity of fractal shapes can be obtained by applying the infinite number of iterations with the help of Multiple Reduction Copy Machine (MRCM) algorithm [12,13], and it also helps the antenna to achieve multiband characteristics.…”

Design and Simulation of Compact Dual-Band Microstrip Antennas for Wireless Applications.

“…In this paper the design of dual band rectangular microstrip antenna for WLAN applications is realized by aggregating single slotted compact antennas with rectangular ground slot. And one more proposed antenna in this paper is minkowski fractal antenna, it"s a dual band patch antenna based on minkowski curve [5] [7] which is iterated at four different stages for gsm and gprs systems, c-band and wide band applications. There are different shapes and types of antennas designed for the variations in antenna characteristics.…”