Cell culture in plants is a technique in which cells of plant tissues are
developed in vitro in an artificial environment suitable for growth and proliferation. By
developing different cell culture environments, it is possible to conduct many
experimental studies such as cell proliferation, differentiation, identification of growth
factors, understanding the mechanisms underlying the normal functions of various cell
types, cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions, and determining the effects of molecules
thought to be effective in metabolic pathways. Therefore, cell cultures have become
one of the major tools used in cellular and molecular biology. Bioreactor systems,
developed as an alternative support to traditional cell culture studies, aim not only for
large-scale mass propagation, but also for the application of various physiological
approaches, especially in plant protoplast cells, understanding metabolic pathways, and
the factors effective in secondary metabolite production, and especially the application
of transformation-oriented methods. In this context, this chapter aims to examine the
physiology of cell cultures on a bioreactor basis and shed light on physiological
processes with current and/or future approaches.