Design of Phosphide Anodes Harvesting Superior Sodium Storage: Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives

Abstract

Sodium (Na) ion batteries (SIBs) are promising in stationary energy storage applications. Research is also afoot to seek suitable electroactive materials for use in SIBs. Recently, phosphides to be used in the anode for Na storage are particularly appealing due to their high specific capacities and low working potentials. The following matters are to deal with their inherent drawbacks of large volume variation and inferior interfacial stability upon Na insertion/ extraction, which is believed to be largely responsible for capacity and cycling decay. Despite striking progress in addressing the above drawbacks, current studies on phosphides remain preliminary. In this review, an in-depth understanding of phosphides regarding Na storage mechanism, capacity assessment, phase change, and reaction types is provided. The effective strategies and the sound designs of phosphides for Na storage are also discussed. Their correlations between electrochemical behavior and chemical/structural characteristics are analyzed, in a bid to sort out the basic ideas for the design of high-performance phosphides that enable high-energy and durable SIBs. Doubtless, the experience and knowledge gained from the research on phosphides are shared, and the strategies are expected to extend the scope beyond phosphides.

Facile Synthesis of FeP-Decorated Heteroatomic-Doped Onion-like Carbon Nanospheres for Pseudocapacitance Enhanced Sodium Storage

“…Because sodium (Na) and lithium (Li) have similar physiochemical properties and are both inexpensive and widely available, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted considerable interest for use in energy storage applications. , This emphasizes the search for superb anode materials with an extended cyclic life and improved rate performance for SIBs. Transition-metal phosphides (TMPs) are seeking attention as an anode material because of their environmental as well as electrochemical characteristics, such as larger theoretical capacity, superior electrical conductivity, and lower voltage plateau compared with selenides, sulfides, and metal oxides. − Previously, various transition metals, including ZnP 2 , VP 2 , CoP, MoP, Ni 2 P, Cu 3 P, Sn 4 P 3 , and GeP, have demonstrated good electrochemical performances within SIBs. , Notwithstanding these developments, there is still scope for improvement in the electrode’s structural integrity and reversible capacity throughout repeated cycling, particularly at a higher current density. In recent years, TMPs with distinct morphologies, such as nanoparticles, nanowires, nanotubes, nanofibers, and hollow spheres, have been synthesized using various methods, including ball milling, metal–organic framework (MOF), , electrochemical depositions, solvothermal, carbothermal reduction, and electrospinning .…”

A NiCoSex/CG heterostructure with strong interfacial interaction showing rapid diffusion kinetics as a flexible anode for high-rate sodium storage

“…[3][4][5][6] However, because of the larger radius and lower standard electrochemical potential of sodium ions compared with those of lithium ions, the speed of sodium ions embedding into the electrode material is slow, which hinders the development of the anode electrode of sodium ion batteries (SIBs). [7][8][9][10] In recent years, based on the existing lithium-ion battery technology, there have been a lot of studies trying to apply alloys and transition metal compounds to SIBs, 11 but this kind of anode material tends to expand in volume during the process of sodiation/desodiation, resulting in poor cycling stability. [12][13][14][15] Therefore, a new anode material with a higher rate capacity and more stable structure needs to be prepared through reasonable design and precise control.…”

In situ growth of MOF-derived nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes on hollow MXene spheres for K-ion storage

“…[6][7][8][9][10] However, the large radius of K + (1.38 Å) causes significant volume changes during charge/discharge, resulting in structural instability of the electrode. [11][12][13] To meet commercial standards and facilitate the diffusion of K + ions, further development of anode materials with enhanced electrochemical performance is urgently needed. 14 Two-dimensional (2D) materials have become attractive in the field of energy storage because of their particular structural properties and excellent electrochemical properties.…”