Protein synthesis and degradation are intricate biological processes involving more than a hundred proteins operating in a highly orchestrated fashion. Despite the progress, few options are available to access translation in live animals as the increase in animal's complexity limits the repertoire of experimental tools that could be applied to observe and manipulate processes within animal's body, organs, and individual cells. It this study, we developed a labeling-free method for measuring organ-and cell-type specific translation elongation rates. It is based on a time-resolved delivery of translation initiation and elongation inhibitors in live animals followed by ribosome profiling. It also reports translation initiation sites in an organ-specific manner. Using this method, we found that the elongation rates differ among mouse organs and determined them to be 6.8, 5.2, and 4.4 amino acids per sec for liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle, respectively. protein synthesis | translation | elongation | ribosome profiling | mouse P rotein synthesis is regulated both at the transcriptional (availability of mRNA) and translational (the number of active ribosomes, translational efficiency, the speed of elongation and the frequency of initiation events) levels. This complexity presents endless possibilities for malfunctioning. In turn, the vast majority of cellular functions are carried by proteins, making any aberrations in their biosynthesis potentially harmful. Modern in vitro methods allow unsurpassed precision and flexibility, e.g. real-time translation dynamics of a single molecule can be monitored with fluorescent microscopy (1, 2), and transcriptome-wide snapshots of translation with a single nucleotide resolution can be achieved by means of ribosome profiling (3-6). In contrast to research performed in cells, few options are currently available to investigate translation in live animals. It is particularly challenging to assay specific steps of translation, i.e. elongation, initiation or termination rate, in vivo. Several clever approaches were designed, including animals fed with amino acid supplements labeled with a stable isotope (7) or radioactively labeled amino acids. To estimate the average translation elongation speed, short-term pulses of radioactively labeled amino acids can be injected directly into the portal vein of an animal (8). The radiation accumulation rate can be used to project the average translation elongation rate (8,9); however, tissue samples are rendered by this method unsuitable for many other molecular biology assays.We were guided by these challenges and the need to assess various steps of translation in various organs of live animals at an individual gene level. In this work, we present a technique to directly assess translation in vivo and measure organ-and cell-specific translation elongation rates and other features of protein synthesis. Our method requires no radioactive labeling or transgenic reporters and can be applied to a variety of small animals such as a mouse or a rat. It...