Design of Photonic Crystal Cavities for Extreme Light Concentration

Hu, Shuren; Weiss, Sharon M.

doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.6b00219

Cited by 174 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The ultrastrong light-matter interaction opens the door to new applications feasible even at room temperature: ultrastrong Purcell enhancement [49], single molecule sensing [7], cavity QED [50], optomechanics [51], and quantum nonlinear optics [52]. Note added.-Recently, we became aware of another similar design [53].…”

Section: Prl 118 223605 (2017) P H Y S I C a L R E V I E W L E T T Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Similar Nanocavity Design with Ultrasmall Mode Volume for Single-Photon Nonlinearities

2017

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We propose a photonic crystal nanocavity design with self-similar electromagnetic boundary conditions, achieving ultrasmall mode volume (V eff ). The electric energy density of a cavity mode can be maximized in the air or dielectric region, depending on the choice of boundary conditions. We illustrate the design concept with a silicon-air one-dimensional photon crystal cavity that reaches an ultrasmall mode volume of V eff ∼ 7.01 × 10 −5 λ 3 at λ ∼ 1550 nm. We show that the extreme light concentration in our design can enable ultrastrong Kerr nonlinearities, even at the single-photon level. These features open new directions in cavity quantum electrodynamics, spectroscopy, and quantum nonlinear optics. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.223605 Optical nanocavities with small mode volume (V eff ) and high quality factor (Q) can greatly increase light-matter interaction [1] and have a wide range of applications including nanocavity lasers [2-4], cavity quantum electrodynamics [5,6], single-molecule spectroscopy [7], and nonlinear optics [8][9][10]. Planar photonic crystal cavities can enable high Q factors, exceeding 10 6 [11], together with mode volumes that are typically on the order of a qubic wavelength. However, it was shown that by introducing an air slot into a photonic crystal (PhC) cavity, it is possible to achieve the electromagnetic (EM) mode with small V eff on the order of 0.01λ 3 [12], where λ is the freespace wavelength. This field concentration results from the boundary condition on the normal component of the electric displacement ( ⃗ D). Here, we propose a method to further reduce V eff by making use of the second EM boundary condition, the conservation of the parallel component of the electric field. Furthermore, these field concentration methods can be concatenated to reduce V eff even further, limited only by practical considerations such as fabrication resolution. The extreme field concentration of our cavity design opens new possibilities in nonlinear optics. In particular, we show that Kerr nonlinearities, which are normally weak, would be substantially enhanced so that even a single photon may shift the cavity resonance by a full linewidth, under realistic assumptions of materials and fabrication tolerances.The mode volume of a dielectric cavity [described by the spatially varying permittivity ϵð ⃗rÞ] is given by the ratio of the total electric energy to the maximum electric energy density [13],In typical PhC cavity designs, the minimum cavity mode volume is given by a half-wavelength bounding box, or3 [14], agreeing with the diffraction limit. However, as is clear from Eq. (1), the mode volume is determined by the electric energy density at the position where it is maximized. Thus, it is not strictly restricted by the diffraction limit. A strong local inhomogeneity in ϵð ⃗rÞ can greatly increase this electric energy density and correspondingly shrink the mode volume. Figure 1(a) plots the fundamental mode of a silicon-air one-dimensional PhC cavity produced by three-dimensional FDTD simulati...

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Section: Prl 118 223605 (2017) P H Y S I C a L R E V I E W L E T T Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Similar Nanocavity Design with Ultrasmall Mode Volume for Single-Photon Nonlinearities

2017

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“…Even photonic crystals have been extensively learned; their light manipulation manners can only be simulated by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations and detected by near-field scanning optical microscopy [114][115][116][117]. As described in Figure 4b, a graphene photodetector successfully detects a photocurrent strip on top of a silicon waveguide, which is attributed to the enhanced photocarrier density controlled by the waveguide.…”

Section: Electro-optic Modulatormentioning

confidence: 99%

Photonic Structure-Integrated Two-Dimensional Material Optoelectronics

Wang

2016

Electronics

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Abstract:The rapid development and unique properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene, phosphorene and transition metal dichalcogenides enable them to become intriguing candidates for future optoelectronic applications. To maximize the potential of 2D material-based optoelectronics, various photonic structures are integrated to form photonic structure/2D material hybrid systems so that the device performance can be manipulated in controllable ways. Here, we first introduce the photocurrent-generation mechanisms of 2D material-based optoelectronics and their performance. We then offer an overview and evaluation of the state-of-the-art of hybrid systems, where 2D material optoelectronics are integrated with photonic structures, especially plasmonic nanostructures, photonic waveguides and crystals. By combining with those photonic structures, the performance of 2D material optoelectronics can be further enhanced, and on the other side, a high-performance modulator can be achieved by electrostatically tuning 2D materials. Finally, 2D material-based photodetector can also become an efficient probe to learn the light-matter interactions of photonic structures. Those hybrid systems combine the advantages of 2D materials and photonic structures, providing further capacity for high-performance optoelectronics.

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“…Planar photonic crystal nanocavities possess an order of magnitude smaller mode volume requires coupling a single QE to a nanoscale cavity characterized by deep sub-wavelength optical confinement [10,11]. While recent work theoretically demonstrates the ability to reach ultra-small V with dielectric cavities [12], experimental efforts have focused primarily on nanometallic cavities and, in particular, plasmonic cavities that can shrink the effective optical wavelength. For example, continued work on the now common nanoparticle-on-mirror (NPOM) geometry [13] has led to room-temperature strong coupling between the NPOM cavity and organic fluorophores [14].…”

Section: ( / )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid metal-dielectric nanocavity for enhanced light-matter interactions

Kelaita¹,

Fischer²,

Babinec³

et al. 2016

Opt. Mater. Express

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Despite tremendous advances in the fundamentals and applications of cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED), investigations in this field have primarily been limited to optical cavities composed of purely dielectric materials. Here, we demonstrate a hybrid metaldielectric nanocavity design and realize it in the InAs/GaAs quantum photonics platform utilizing angled rotational metal evaporation. Key features of our nanometallic light-matter interface include: (i) order of magnitude reduction in mode volume compared to that of leading photonic crystal CQED systems; (ii) surface-emitting nanoscale cylindrical geometry and therefore good collection efficiency; and finally (iii) strong and broadband spontaneous emission rate enhancement (Purcell factor ~ 8) of single photons. This light-matter interface may play an important role in quantum technologies.

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Design of Photonic Crystal Cavities for Extreme Light Concentration

Cited by 174 publications

References 32 publications

Self-Similar Nanocavity Design with Ultrasmall Mode Volume for Single-Photon Nonlinearities

Self-Similar Nanocavity Design with Ultrasmall Mode Volume for Single-Photon Nonlinearities

Photonic Structure-Integrated Two-Dimensional Material Optoelectronics

Hybrid metal-dielectric nanocavity for enhanced light-matter interactions

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