Design of plasmonic toroidal metamaterials at optical frequencies

Huang, Yao-Wei; Chen, Wei Ting; Wu, Pin Chieh; Fedotov, V.A.; Savinov, Vassili; Ho, You Zhe; Chau, Yuan-Fong Chou; Zheludev, Nikolay I.; Tsai, Din Ping

doi:10.1364/oe.20.001760

Cited by 162 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…3b) in an effort to simplify the fabrication of toroidal metamaterials. By scaling down metamaterial designs based on clusters of split-ring resonators, toroidal 4 response at terahertz 60 and optical frequencies 61,62 (Fig. 3c) has been unambiguously detected.…”

Section: Toroidal Response In Artificial Mediamentioning

confidence: 97%

Electromagnetic toroidal excitations in matter and free space

et al. 2016

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The toroidal dipole is a localized electromagnetic excitation, distinct from the magnetic and electric dipoles. While the electric dipole can be understood as a pair of opposite charges and the magnetic dipole as a current loop, the toroidal dipole corresponds to currents flowing on the surface of a torus. Toroidal dipoles provide physically significant contributions to the basic characteristics of matter including absorption, dispersion, and optical activity. Toroidal excitations also exist in free-space as spatially and temporally localized electromagnetic pulses propagating at the speed of light and interacting with matter. We review recent experimental observations of resonant toroidal dipole excitations in metamaterials and the discovery of anapoles, non-radiating current configurations involving toroidal dipoles. While certain fundamental and practical aspects of toroidal electrodynamics remain open for the moment, we envision that exploitation of toroidal response can have important implications for the fields of photonics, sensing, energy and information. IntroductionThe interactions of electromagnetic radiation with matter underpin some of the most important technologies today -from telecommunications to information processing and data storage; from spectroscopy and imaging to light-assisted manufacturing. Our understanding and description of the electromagnetic properties of matter traditionally involves the concept of electric and magnetic dipoles, as well as their more complex combinations, known as multipoles. Introduced by Maxwell and Lorentz and later refined by Jackson and Landau, this framework, termed the multipole expansion, is central in physics and is being routinely applied in the study of optical, condensed matter, atomic, nuclear phenomena and beyond 1 . Within this framework, electromagnetic media can be represented by a set of point-like multipole sources [2][3][4][5] . The commonly used set of multipoles comprises the electric and magnetic families, which can be represented by oscillating charges and loop currents respectively. Dynamic toroidal multipoles constitute a third independent family of elementary electromagnetic sources, rather than an alternative multipole expansion or higher-order corrections to the conventional electric and magnetic multipoles (see tutorial inset I).Introduced in 1958 by Y. B. Zeldovich, toroidal moments have been considered in systems of toroidal topology (see Fig. 1) and studied in the context of nuclear 6 , atomic 7 , and molecular physics 8 , classical electrodynamics 9,10 , and solid state physics 3 . In the field of electromagnetism, in particular, a number of works have led to the development of a complete theoretical framework for toroidal electrodynamics [11][12][13][14][15] and the prediction of exotic effects, including dynamic non-radiating charge current configurations 10 and non-reciprocal interactions 9 . Following recent experimental observations of toroidal contributions in the response of materials across the electromagnetic spectrum, dyn...

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Section: Toroidal Response In Artificial Mediamentioning

confidence: 97%

Electromagnetic toroidal excitations in matter and free space

et al. 2016

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“…Subsequently, the scattered power of the multipole moments is calculated from the induced currents [3,4] : The larger scattered power enhancement indicates the stronger allowance of exciting multipole while structural symmetry is broken. In Figure 5, the magnetic dipole as well as the electric multipoles show weaker enhancement of scattered power.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plasmonic metamaterials are composed of artifi cial metamolecules exhibiting unusual optical properties such as negative refraction index [1,2] , and toroidal dipolar response [3,4] that can lead to applications that are otherwise unattainable in nature, such as sub-diffraction imaging [5,6] , and optical and spectrum manipulation [7 -10] . These unique characteristics also enable us to explore tunability and nonlinearity that either do not exist in nature or are too weak for practical applications [11,12] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic plasmon induced transparency in three-dimensional metamolecules

Chen

Yang

et al. 2012

Nanophotonics

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In a laser-driven atomic quantum system, a continuous state couples to a discrete state resulting in quantum interference that provides a transmission peak within a broad absorption profi le the so-called electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). In the fi eld of plasmonic metamaterials, the subwavelength metallic structures play a role similar to atoms in nature. The interference of their near-fi eld coupling at plasmonic resonance leads to a plasmon induced transparency (PIT) that is analogous to the EIT of atomic systems. A sensitive control of the PIT is crucial to a range of potential applications such as slowing light and biosensor. So far, the PIT phenomena often arise from the electric resonance, such as an electric dipole state coupled to an electric quadrupole state. Here we report the fi rst three-dimensional photonic metamaterial consisting of an array of erected U-shape plasmonic gold nanostructures that exhibits PIT phenomenon with magnetic dipolar interaction between magnetic meta molecules. We further demonstrate using a numerical simulation that the coupling between the different excited pathways at an intermediate resonant wavelength allows for a π phase shift resulting in a destructive interference. A classical RLC circuit was also proposed to explain the coupling effects between the bright and dark modes of EIT-like electromagnetic spectra. This work paves a promising approach to achieve magnetic plasmon devices.

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“…Stimulated by the recent experimental demonstration of toroidal dipoles (TDs) excited on the platform of metamaterials consisting of specially organized split ring resonators [1], studies into TDs and more generally toroidal multipoles (TMs) within photonic nano-systems have attached surging attention [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Compared to conventional electric and magnetic multipoles, TMs can be viewed as poloidal currents flowing on the surface of a torus along its meridians, or as a series of magnetic dipoles (enclosed circulating currents) aligned along enclosed paths [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1]) are kind of toroid-shaped composite structures [2][3][4][5][6]9]. This is understandable: the corresponding charge-current distribution of TMs is in a toroidal shape and naturally in such composite structures TMs can be efficiently excited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient excitation and tuning of toroidal dipoles within individual homogenous nanoparticles

et al. 2015

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Abstract:We revisit the fundamental topic of light scattering by single homogenous nanoparticles from the new perspective of excitation and manipulation of toroidal dipoles. It is revealed that besides within all-dielectric particles, toroidal dipoles can also be efficiently excited within homogenous metallic nanoparticles. Moreover, we show that those toroidal dipoles excited can be spectrally tuned through adjusting the radial anisotropy parameters of the materials, which paves the way for further more flexible manipulations of the toroidal responses within photonic systems. The study into toroidal multipole excitation and tuning within nanoparticles deepens our understanding of the seminal problem of light scattering, and may incubate many scattering related fundamental researches and applications.

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Design of plasmonic toroidal metamaterials at optical frequencies

Cited by 162 publications

References 24 publications

Electromagnetic toroidal excitations in matter and free space

Electromagnetic toroidal excitations in matter and free space

Magnetic plasmon induced transparency in three-dimensional metamolecules

Efficient excitation and tuning of toroidal dipoles within individual homogenous nanoparticles

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