This article touches on the main trends in the development of optoelectronics, its fundamentals and possible applications, and gives a general overview of the research results in this field published by SPQEO over the past decade. We will emphasize the relationship between the development of optoelectronics and the sixth technological wave related to nano-, bio-, information and cognitive technologies. For convenience, we will conditionally divide the discussion into the optoelectronics fields of photonics, terahertz and infrared electronics, and photovoltaics, etc. This paper is devoted to one of these areas of optoelectronics, namely LEDs and their applications in LED lighting systems, which use in “smart” home and city projects opens up new opportunities for creating adaptive lighting environments that can be adjusted to the needs of users.