Design of quantum‐dot cellular automata‐based communication system using modular N‐bit binary to gray and gray to binary converters

Abstract

In the current digital era, there is a need of secure and efficient nano communication systems with ultra-low power consumption. One technology that can be used for designing these systems is quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA). In the nano regime, QCA is able to operate with higher speed and lower power dissipation along with high density compared to CMOS technology. This work explores the applicability and feasibility of designing nano communication systems using code converters. In this paper, efficient 4-bit, 8-bit, and 16-bit designs of binary to gray (B2G) and gray to binary (G2B) converters which can be scaled up to N-bits are proposed. The N-bit B2G and G2B converters can be designed using 33 + 38 (0.25N − 1) and 63 + 76 (0.25N − 1) cells with a latency of 0.5 and 0.25N clock cycles, respectively. The converters are then used to design 4-bit, 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit communication systems for efficient data transmission and reception. Based on the performance comparison, it is observed that the proposed B2G and G2B designs achieve up to 90.03% and 99.64% improvement in terms of cost of the circuit thereby making them most cost efficient QCA designs. In addition to this, exhaustive energy dissipation analysis of the proposed designs is also presented. It is observed that the proposed designs can be efficiently utilized in designing nano communication systems requiring minimal area and ultra-low power consumption.quantum-dot cellular automata, code converters, nano-communication system, binary to gray converters, gray to binary converters | INTRODUCTIONQuantum-dot cellular automata (QCA), owing to its high density, small size, and ultra-low power dissipation in the nano regime while operating at high frequencies (in the range of few THz), is an emerging technology to design digital circuits in the sub-nano regime where CMOS is facing various limitations. QCA technology was first proposed in 1993 by Lent et al., 1 and over the last decade, it has been exhaustively used to design various digital logics such as adders and subtractors, 2-9 sequential circuits, 10-14 reversible logic, 9,15-20 and memories. [21][22][23][24] One such application area where it has been used is the design of code converters. [25][26][27][28][29] In digital systems, the code converters play a significant role for

Design of efficient N‐bit shift register using optimized D flip flop in quantum dot cellular automata technology

“… Basic structures in QCA [39, 40]: (a) quantum cells depicting binary numbers 0 and 1 and (b) binary wire (IN = OUT) depicting different clocking zones. QCA, quantum‐dot cellular automata …”

QCA based cost efficient coplanar 1 × 4 RAM design with set/reset ability

“…This contributes to the two possible binary "1" and "0" polarizations shown in Figure 1A. 2 When linked together in sequence, these cells form a binary wire which is used for information transmission as shown in Figure 1B. A cell's polarity is determined by its adjacent cells.…”

“…There are two crossover forms of QCA, namely coplanar and multilayer. 2,4 In coplanar crossover, all cells are placed in a single plane or layer and this type of crossover is usually favored from the point of view of viability. There are three potential ways of constructing coplanar crossover circuits.…”

“…A cell, which is shown in Figure 1A, has a total of four quantum dots in which two electrons, with minimal electrostatic repulsion, live in diagonal positions. This contributes to the two possible binary “1” and “0” polarizations shown in Figure 1A 2 . When linked together in sequence, these cells form a binary wire which is used for information transmission as shown in Figure 1B.…”

“…The binary wires are expected to have crossovers during the design of complex circuits so that the complexity of the circuits is minimized. There are two crossover forms of QCA, namely coplanar and multilayer 2,4 . In coplanar crossover, all cells are placed in a single plane or layer and this type of crossover is usually favored from the point of view of viability.…”