Design of robust and low‐loss 3‐D printed double‐ridged waveguide to microstrip transition

Abstract

In this paper, we present a new microstrip to waveguide transition design for interfacing printed circuit board (PCB) microstrip transmission lines with 3-D printed metallisedplastic waveguide components. Compared with traditional metal waveguides, interfacing with plastic-based waveguides are challenging due to thermal and mechanical constraints. Despite the development of 3-D printing technology, the precision of 3-D printed waveguides is not as good as the machined metal counterparts. This is critical for microwave components and must be considered in the design process. To minimise the effect of non-ideal waveguide components, a design methodology minimising sensitivity to geometrical variations in the 3-D printed parts is proposed. By sandwiching the PCB between two waveguide sections and optimising the waveguide impedance transformation geometry, the design shows very low insertion loss. It is mechanically robust, cost effective and simple to manufacture. In full system integration, this transition design eliminates the need for expensive microwave cabling and connectors by directly mounting the waveguide to the microwave transceiver PCB. The proof-of-concept transition structure presented in this paper is suitable for microwave applications where low cost and low weight are critical, for example, drone-based radars for remote sensing and space-born satellites. The fabricated structure is characterised using two sets of waveguide components manufactured with different 3-D printing technology and metallisation process': conductive spray painted Fused Deposition Modelling-Polylactic Acid (PLA Painted) and copper electroplated Stereolithography (SLA Plated). Scattering parameters for both types are measured in a short and back-to-back configuration, obtaining the reflection coefficient and insertion loss. Measurements indicate good agreement with modelling and measured performance exceeding prior art. The measured operation band of the Copper-SLA version is 2.9-7.2 GHz with <−10 dB reflection coefficient (S11) and with an insertion loss (S21) of <0.7 dB. With the reduced metallisation and surface quality of the Spray-PLA model, the band is shifted to 3.0-8.0 GHz with an increased S21 of <1.8 dB. The results demonstrate the importance of adopting new transition structures for 3-D printed microwave components where the surface roughness, metallisation quality, and mechanical properties are less optimal. By combining the proposed design with 3-D printed metallised microwave components, very light weight and cost-effective antenna systems can be implemented. Radiation measurements of a 3-D printed double ridge horn antenna connected to the waveguide and used as a feed are also presented, where the operation band is measured to 3-10 GHz with a gain of 5-10 dBi.

A comprehensive review on surface modifications of polymer‐based 3D‐printed structures: Metal coating prospects and challenges

“…However, challenges include concerns about energy consumption in large‐scale printing, recycling difficulties for certain plastics, and potential toxic emissions from specific materials. Limited material options, the risk of overconsumption, and regulatory issues pose additional challenges 13 . Navigating 3D printing sustainability requires balancing its merits and challenges through technology optimization, material innovation, and effective regulatory frameworks.…”

“…The materials used for 3D printing may be modified to have the specific electromagnetic characteristics needed for RF antennas. In order to retain signal integrity and reduce signal losses inside the antenna system, the choice of materials may be optimized for properties including dielectric constant, loss tangent, and thermal stability 13 . With traditional production methods, it is challenging to attain this level of material customization.…”

“…Limited material options, the risk of overconsumption, and regulatory issues pose additional challenges. 13 Navigating 3D printing sustainability requires balancing its merits and challenges through technology optimization, material innovation, and effective regulatory frameworks. In addition to making it easier to create intricate, personalized, and useful prototypes, the ongoing development and diversification of 3D printing materials and technology have also been widely adopted in the world of communication for design and manufacturing of antennas.…”

“…In order to retain signal integrity and reduce signal losses inside the antenna system, the choice of materials may be optimized for properties including dielectric constant, loss tangent, and thermal stability. 13 With traditional production methods, it is challenging to attain this level of material customization. Integration of structures and parts within the antenna itself, such as feed networks and matching circuits, is made possible by 3D printing.…”