Design of smart sensors for real time drinking water quality monitoring and contamination detection in water distributed mains

Abstract

Drinking Water Distribution Systems facilitate to carry portable water from water resources such as reservoirs, river, and water tanks to industrial, commercial and residential consumers through complex buried pipe networks. Determining the consequences of a water contamination event is an important concern in the field of water systems security and in drinking water distribution systems. The proposed work is based on the development of low cost fuzzy based water quality monitoring system using wireless sensor networks which is capable of measuring physiochemical parameters of water quality such as pH, temperature, conductivity, oxidation reduction potential and turbidity. Based on selected parameters a sensing unit is developed along with several microsystems for analog signal conditioning, data aggregation, sensor data analysis and logging, and remote representation of data to the consumers. Finally, algorithms for fusing the real time data and decision making using fuzzy logic at local level are developed to assess the water contamination risk. Based on the water contamination level in the distribution pipeline the drinking water quality is classified as acceptable/reject/desirable. When the contamination is detected, the sensing unit with ZigBee sends signals to close the solenoid valve inside the pipeline to prevent the flow of contaminated water supply and it intimates the consumers about drinking water quality through mobile app. Experimental results indicate that this low cost real time water quality monitoring system acts as an ideal early warning system with best detection accuracy. The derived solution can also be applied to different IoT (Internet of Things) scenario such as smart cities, the city transport system etc.

IoT Based Smart Water Quality Monitoring: Recent Techniques, Trends and Challenges for Domestic Applications

“…Figure 12 shows the overall rating of each article based on the proposed empirical rubric given in Equation (1). Only three articles [48,68,97] fully satisfy this criterion, where authors considered minimum criterion of drinking water and used machine learning to enhance overall water quality index. The remaining articles could be either improved or used for other applications such as cleaning of water storage tanks.…”

“…IoT-based water quality monitoring is also known as smart water quality monitoring [60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67]. These systems have been deployed to monitor water quality for domestic applications [21,68], water used in agriculture [69][70][71] and aquaculture [72][73][74][75], municipal waste recycle [70], etc. In addition, these systems monitor water quality in lakes [76][77][78][79][80], rivers [81], etc.…”

“…As highlighted in Table 2, many WQM parameters have high correlation among themselves. Therefore, to benefit from this fact, most researchers [32,35,48,68] agreed upon on using most prominent WQM parameters in IoT-WQMS for domestic water. These parameters are as follows: Some relevant WQM parameters could also be inferred based on measured values of these five parameters using ML schemes.…”

“…Priya et al [68] published a real-time system to monitor water quality and detect contaminations in water distribution system, which is used to supply water from a main tank to consumers. In this concern, authors considered pH, turbidity, temperature, oxidation reduction potential, and electrical conductivity.…”

Weather Prediction using Multiple IoT Based Wireless Sensor

“…They portrayed a dissemination and activity convention for the position and use of set up natural sensors by consolidating (I) new calculations for spatial transient preparing, (ii) better approaches to speak to water quality and security elements, and (iii) a tasteful choice investigation system. The work planned in [7] oxidation-reduction potential, and turbidity. Late progression in remote interchanges and physical science has empowered the occasion of modest finder systems.…”