“…To manage the aircraft pitch angle, various meta-heuristic methods have already been presented. For example, a PID based on Harris Hawks optimization algorithm (HHOA) is proposed in Izci et al [4], particle swarm optimization (PSO) [20], improved PSO algorithm [21], inertia weight-based modified PSO algorithm [22], particle swarm optimization with differential evolution (DE-PSO) [23], atom search optimization algorithm (ASOA) [4,24], slap swarm algorithm (SSA) [4,25], bacterial foraging optimization (BFO) [26,27], sine-cosine algorithm (SCA) [28], bat algorithm [29], improved bat algorithm [30], bees algorithm (BA) [31], harmony search (HS) [32], grey wolf optimization algorithm (GOA) [31][32][33], improved Grey Wolf optimization (IGWO) [34], kidney-inspired algorithm (KIA) [35], firefly algorithms [36], whale optimization algorithm (WOA) [37], and arithmetic optimization algorithm (AOA) [38].…”