Design of Sustainable Chemical ProductsThe Example of Ionic Liquids

Composition and structural effects on the adsorption of ionic liquids onto activated carbon

“…Other substituents in the cationic or anionic structures of ILs also lead to different uptake. Thus, higher uptakes are found for ILs with benzyl substituents than the corresponding ILs with a linear alkyl chain; or with ILs based on anions substituted with CF 3 -than those substituted with CH 3 …”

“…1,2 ILs present exceptional properties such as negligible vapor pressure and non-ammability under ambient conditions, high thermal and chemical stability, a wide liquid range and high solvent capacity. [3][4][5] However, probably the most important attribute of ILs is the possibility of designing their properties by an adequate selection of the counterions, so that they can be found nowadays in an outstanding variety. Because of the enormous number of cation and anion combinations, ILs possess a wide spectrum of physical and chemical properties (solubility, polarity, viscosity, etc.)…”

Application of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) to the Characterization of RTILs for Electrochemical Applications

“…Due to the large diversity of ILs components, they may present wide structural variations which can be used to design the IL with more adequate properties for a particular application. These applications might include new types of lubricants and fluids for thermal engines, electrodeposition, energy and CO 2 capture devices, biomimetics, double layer capacitors,…..in fact, the scientific and technological importance of the ILs spans nowadays to a wide range of applications [1][2][3][4][5]. Among the energy devices, polymer-electrolyte membranes for fuel cell application are under development as a way to reduce global warming and energy cost and ILs incorporation in the structure of Nafion, a typical membrane for fuel cell use, is under study [6][7][8].…”

“…Ionic liquids, membranes and membranes/IL-modified samples were chemically characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). This technique allows the 4 -] RTILs and the surfaces of the original and IL-modified membranes were chemical characterized by XPS analysis. The highresolution spectra were recorded with a Physical Electronics PHI 5700 spectrometer by using a concentric hemispherical analyzer operating in the constant pass energy mode at 29.35 eV, with 720 µm diameter analysis area, and MgK α  X-ray as an excitation source (hν = 1253.6 eV).…”

Development of efficient processes under flow conditions based on catalysts immobilized onto monolithic supported ionic liquid-like phases

“…Although ILs have become commercially available, they are still relatively expensive compared to traditional solvents. Besides, some of them show evidence of low biodegradability and (eco)toxicological properties [5]. Hence, the immobilization of ILs onto a support or structured material is a highly attractive strategy to minimize the amount of ILs used, avoiding, at the same time, any toxicological concern.…”