“…This is because DP steels are composed of different phases, with martensite as the hard phase and ferrite as the ductile soft phase 2 . The martensite phase is dispersed within the ferrite matrix, resulting in a material that is both strong and ductile, making it ideal for applications that require high strength and good formability 3,4 . DP steel possesses excellent mechanical qualities such as high tensile strength, improved formability, continuous yielding behavior, crashworthiness, high strength-ductility, and high work hardening rates, which make it a reliable and affordable material for the manufacturing sector, including welding [5][6][7][8] .…”