“…Therefore, another solution was to apply optimization techniques such as H ∞ method (Zhong et al, 2003) to make the residual robust as much as possible against disturbances. Consequently, some effective observers have been proposed such as adaptive observers (AOs) (Fazeli and Abedi, 2020; Gao et al, 2022), H ∞ UIOs (Gao et al, 2016; Yanming et al, 2006), and learning observers (LOs) (Jia et al, 2017).…”