Design rules for time of flight Positron Emission Tomography (ToF-PET) heterostructure radiation detectors

Krause, Philip; Rogers, Edith; Birowosuto, Muhammad Danang; Pei, Qibing; Auffray, E.; Vasil’ev, A. N.; Bizarri, Grégory

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09754

Cited by 15 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The properties of EJ232 are very similar to BC422 (Saint-Gobain) that was used by Turtos et al [21]. Denser than plastic materials could be considered in future heterostructured detector designs that can also have different geometry than stacking layers, like fiberbased designs [26]. An alternative to plastic scintillators can be the nanocrystals [19], [41], [42].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Recently, Krause et al [26] based on Monte Carlo simulations of different heterostructure configurations, proposed a set of guidelines for designing heterostructures. The authors stress the importance of maximizing the fraction of fully absorbed events, possibly by increasing the detectors' length and increasing the fast material's thickness to facilitate energy sharing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Image Reconstruction Analysis for Positron Emission Tomography with Heterostructured Scintillators

Mohr¹,

Efthimiou²,

Pagano³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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<p>The concept of structure engineering has been proposed for the exploration of the next generation of radiation detectors with improved performance. A Time Of Flight Positron Emission Tomography (TOF-PET) scanner with heterostructured scintillators with a pixel size of 3.0×3.1×15 mm<sup>3</sup> was simulated. The heterostructures consisted of alternating layers of BGO as a dense material with high stopping power and plastic as a fast light emitter. Using the GATE simulation toolkit, a detector time resolution was calculated as a function of the deposited and shared energy in both materials on an event-by-event basis. We saw that while sensitivity was reduced to 32% for 100 µm thick plastic layers and 52% for 50 µm, the CTR distribution improved to 204±49 ps and 220±41 ps respectively, compared to 276±9 ps for bulk BGO. We divided the events into three groups based on their CTR and modeled them with different Gaussian TOF kernels. On a NEMA IQ phantom, the heterostructures had better contrast recovery in early iterations, while on the other hand, BGO achieved a better Contrast-to-Noise Ratio (CNR) after the 10th - 15th iteration due to the higher sensitivity. The developed simulation and reconstruction methods constitute new tools for evaluating different detector designs with complex time responses.</p>

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Image Reconstruction Analysis for Positron Emission Tomography with Heterostructured Scintillators

Mohr¹,

Efthimiou²,

Pagano³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…The Hetero-Pl-50 offered the best compromise between photon detection efficiency and time resolution. Denser materials than plastic materials could be considered in future heterostructured detector designs with different geometry than stacking layers like fiber-based designs [24]. An alternative to plastic scintillators can be the nanocrystals [19], [35], [36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, based on Monte Carlo simulations of different heterostructure configurations, general design guidelines were proposed [24]. The authors stress the importance of maximizing the fraction of fully absorbed events, possibly by increasing the detectors' length and facilitating energy sharing by increasing the fast material's thickness.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Image Reconstruction Analysis for Positron Emission Tomography With Heterostructured Scintillators

Mohr

Efthimiou

Pagano

et al. 2023

IEEE Trans. Radiat. Plasma Med. Sci.

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The concept of structure engineering has been proposed for exploring the next generation of radiation detectors with improved performance. A TOF-PET geometry with heterostructured scintillators with a pixel size of 3.0 × 3.1 × 15 mm 3 was simulated using Monte Carlo. The heterostructures consisted of alternating layers of BGO as a dense material with high stopping power and plastic (EJ232) as a fast light emitter. The detector time resolution was calculated as a function of the deposited and shared energy in both materials on an event-by-event basis. While sensitivity was reduced to 32% for 100 µm thick plastic layers and 52% for 50 µm, the CTR distribution improved to 204 ± 49 ps and 220 ± 41 ps respectively, compared to 276 ps that we considered for bulk BGO. The complex distribution of timing resolutions was accounted for in the reconstruction. We divided the events into three groups based on their CTR and modeled them with different Gaussian TOF kernels. On a NEMA IQ phantom, the heterostructures had better contrast recovery in early iterations. On the other hand, BGO achieved a better contrast to noise ratio (CNR) after the 15th iteration due to the higher sensitivity. The developed simulation and reconstruction methods constitute new tools for evaluating different detector designs with complex time responses.

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“…The detectors should be designed so that the maximal annihilation photons may be traced along the decay line by specifying the two interaction channels. 3 Scintillation detectors are the most widely used detectors for determining gamma rays 4 and constitute the foundation of virtually all PET scanners. Other detectors, such as a solid-state photodetector, block detector, continuous gamma camera detector, position-sensitive multichannel photomultiplier tube, depth-encoding detector, and avalanche photodiode, are also applied in PET.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy resolution, peak to total ratio, peak to Compton ratio of cerium bromide crystal scintillator

Kirdsiri¹,

Siengsanoh²,

Chaiphaksa³

et al. 2023

JAMS

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Background: CeBr3 Inorganic scintillator is a favorite scintillator in various fields, especially in medical imaging and X-rays/gamma rays detectors. One is important before being applied in any application is the fundamental properties that it has to measure such as energy resolution, PTR, PCR, and light yield. Objectives: In this research, a CeBr3 crystal was carried out trial for calculating the energy resolution, peak to total (PTR), and peak to Compton (PCR) values. Materials and methods: When high photon energy undergoes with the CeBr3 crystal, the crystal will occur to interact with photon energy by energy’s absorptions via the interaction ternary as the photoelectric absorption, Compton scattering, and pair production. The nuclear instrument module (NIM) was used in this experiment. The crystal will generate light and come into a photomultiplier tube (PMT 9256 KB) for amplifying the light signal via the radiation sources as Ba-133, Na-22, Cs-137, and Co-60, which generated the energies at 0.356 MeV, 0.511 MeV, 0.662 MeV, 1.173 MeV, and 1.332 MeV, respectively. Results: The result found that the energy resolution of CeBr3 showed the energy resolution of CeBr3 crystal showed a linear pattern of inverse the square root of the energy and found the energy resolution values were increased when the photon energy decreased. The PTR and PCR values decreased with increasing energy ranges via experiment of each full energy peak of radiation sources. Conclusion: From the fundamental properties of CeBr3 crystal showed a good energy resolution and is a possible candidate to apply for any application such as radiation detection and high-energy physics. Anywise, other properties should be also considered, for example, light yield, decay time, and nonproportionality of light yield.

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Design rules for time of flight Positron Emission Tomography (ToF-PET) heterostructure radiation detectors

Cited by 15 publications

References 24 publications

Image Reconstruction Analysis for Positron Emission Tomography with Heterostructured Scintillators

Image Reconstruction Analysis for Positron Emission Tomography with Heterostructured Scintillators

Image Reconstruction Analysis for Positron Emission Tomography With Heterostructured Scintillators

Energy resolution, peak to total ratio, peak to Compton ratio of cerium bromide crystal scintillator

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