Design strategies for composite matrix and multifunctional polymeric scaffolds with enhanced bioactivity for bone tissue engineering

Abstract

Over the past few decades, various bioactive material-based scaffolds were investigated and researchers across the globe are actively involved in establishing a potential state-of-the-art for bone tissue engineering applications, wherein several disciplines like clinical medicine, materials science, and biotechnology are involved. The present review article’s main aim is to focus on repairing and restoring bone tissue defects by enhancing the bioactivity of fabricated bone tissue scaffolds and providing a suitable microenvironment for the bone cells to fasten the healing process. It deals with the various surface modification strategies and smart composite materials development that are involved in the treatment of bone tissue defects. Orthopaedic researchers and clinicians constantly focus on developing strategies that can naturally imitate not only the bone tissue architecture but also its functional properties to modulate cellular behaviour to facilitate bridging, callus formation and osteogenesis at critical bone defects. This review summarizes the currently available polymeric composite matrices and the methods to improve their bioactivity for bone tissue regeneration effectively.

Organoid Models and Next-Generation Sequencing for Bone Marrow and Related Disorders

“…Ceramics, such as HA, dicalcium dihydrate (DCPD) [77], and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) [78], demonstrate exceptional biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and mechanical properties analogous to the natural bone; however, their inherent brittleness restricts their applicability, in some instances [77,82]. Composite materials, comprising two or more constituents, can offer enhanced mechanical properties and bioactivity by capitalising on the advantages of each component material [83,84]. Recent advancements in scaffold fabrication techniques, encompassing electrospinning, lyophilisation, and 3D printing, facilitate the generation of structures with precisely regulated porosity, pore dimensions, fibre size/diameter, and interconnected architecture, which are imperative for cellular infiltration, nutrient and waste exchange, as well as vascularisation [85].…”

Stimuli-responsive microcarriers and their application in tissue repair: A review of magnetic and electroactive microcarrier

“…Effective modification endows microcarriers with matching biological properties, and more conducive to the specific adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of loaded cells. Then the microcarriers can face more complex tissue damage conditions and eventually help tissue repair and functional recovery [ 22 ].…”