There is an increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus
throughout
the world, and new compounds are necessary to combat this. The currently
available antidiabetic therapies are long-term complicated and side
effect-prone, and this has led to a demand for more affordable and
more effective methods of tackling diabetes. Research is focused on
finding alternative medicinal remedies with significant antidiabetic
efficacy as well as low adverse effects. In this research work, we
have focused our efforts to synthesize a series of 1,2,4-triazole-based
bis-hydrazones and evaluated their antidiabetic properties. In addition,
the precise structures of the synthesized derivatives were confirmed
with the help of various spectroscopic techniques including 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and HREI-MS. To find the antidiabetic
potentials of the synthesized compounds, in vitro α-glucosidase
and α-amylase inhibitory activities were characterized using
acarbose as the reference standard. From structure–activity
(SAR) analysis, it was confirmed that any variation found in inhibitory
activities of both α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes
was due to the different substitution patterns of the substituent(s)
at variable positions of both aryl rings A and B. The results of the
antidiabetic assay were very encouraging and showed moderate to good
inhibitory potentials with IC50 values ranging from 0.70
± 0.05 to 35.70 ± 0.80 μM (α-amylase) and 1.10
± 0.05 to 30.40 ± 0.70 μM (α-glucosidase). The
obtained results were compared to those of the standard acarbose drug
(IC50 = 10.30 ± 0.20 μM for α-amylase
and IC50 = 9.80 ± 0.20 μM for α-glucosidase).
Specifically, compounds 17, 15, and 16 were found to be significantly active with IC50 values of 0.70 ± 0.05, 1.80 ± 0.10, and 2.10 ± 0.10
μM against α-amylase and 1.10 ± 0.05, 1.50 ±
0.05, and 1.70 ± 0.10 μM against α-glucosidase, respectively.
These findings reveal that triazole-containing bis-hydrazones act
as α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors, which help
develop novel therapeutics for treating type-II diabetes mellitus
and can act as lead molecules in drug discovery as potential antidiabetic
agents.