Designed electrochemical sensor based on metallocene modified conducting polymer composite for effective determination of tramadol in real samples

Abstract

A novel composite for the electrochemical sensing of tramadol (Tr) was developed by the inclusion of metallocene mediator between two layers of conducting poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) polymer, in presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); (P/mediator/P…SDS). Three charge transfer mediators were evaluated: ferrocene carboxylic acid (FC1), ferrocene (FC2) and cobaltocene (CC) for Tr electrocatalytic oxidation. FC1-charge mediator showed relatively higher current response that was assisted by the electronic conduction of the polymer film. Moreover, SDS presented a great impact, resulting in the enhancement of the preconcentration/accumulation of Tr ions at the interface leading to faster electron transfer. In addition, the practical application of the proposed FC1 composite for the determination of Tr in real urine and serum samples was successfully achieved with adequate recovery results. Very low detection limits of 18.6 nM and 16 nM in the linear dynamic ranges of 7 µM to 300 µM and 5 µM to 280 µM, respectively, were obtained at the proposed sensor. Furthermore, the simultaneous determination of of Tr with common interfering species; paracetamol (PAPA), morphine (MO), dopamine (DA), ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA) proved excellent with good resolution and large potential peaks separation. The excellent characteristics of the proposed composite such as high reproducibility, good sensitivity, selectivity, anti-interference ability and good stability enhanced its application for determination of other narcotics drugs.

Comparative electroanalytical performance of poly o‐toulidine and polyaniline towards hydrazine oxidation supplemented by DFT

“…The calibration curves are provided in the inset of Figure 6; the linear equation for PANI comes out to be I(mA) = 4.07 (mA) + 3.03 (mA) υ 1/2 and I (μA) = 4.443 μA + 1.853 (μA) υ 1/2 for POT. This linear relationship between current and υ 1/2 points toward a diffusion‐controlled process 41 . A small shift in anodic peak potential toward positive values is observed with increasing scan rate, while the ratio of anodic to cathodic peak current ( i pa / i pc ) remains less than 1 indicating an irreversible redox reaction.…”

“…This linear relationship between current and υ 1/2 points toward a diffusion-controlled process. 41 A small shift in anodic peak potential toward positive values is observed with increasing scan rate, while the ratio of anodic to cathodic peak current (i pa /i pc ) remains less than 1 indicating an irreversible redox reaction. The calibration plots of peak potential (E p ) and log υ give straight lines fits with regression value of 0.9514 (for PANI) and 0.981 (for POT); the graphs are provided in Supplementary section I (Figure S1).…”

Interpol Review of Drug Analysis 2019-2022

“…2019 LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of tramadol hydrochloride in the presence of some suspected mislabeled drugs such as alprazolam, diazepam, chlorpheniramine maleate, diphenylhydramine and paracetamol [ 251 ]; electrochemical method to quantify tramadol hydrochloride in pure solutions and pharmaceuticals, employing the flow injection analysis (FIA) technique [ 252 ]; voltammetric platform using a glassy carbon electrode for determination of tramadol [ 253 ]; a tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) electrode coated with a thin dip-coated recast Nafion membrane for selective electrochemical determination of tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol [ 254 ]; sensor for detection of tramadol [ 255 ]; electroanalytical quantification of Tramadol [ 256 ]; 2020 synthesis and utilizing graphene (Gr)/Co3O4 nanocomposite for the development of a novel electrochemical sensor to detect tramadol by linear sweep voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, CV, and chronoamperometry [ 257 ]; development of two chromatographic methods (HPLC and HPTLC) for the simultaneous analysis of chlorzoxazone, diclofenac sodium and tramadol hydrochloride in presence of three of their related substances and potential impurities [ 258 ]; an amplified tramadol electrochemical sensor was fabricated based on surface modification of pencil graphite electrode by CuO nanoparticles and polypyrrole [ 259 ]; Rapid synthesis of BaFe12O19 nanoparticles for the electrochemical detection of tramadol in the presence of acetaminophen [ 260 ]; sensing platform based on Pt doped NiO/MWCNTs nanocomposite for enhanced electrochemical determination of epinephrine and tramadol simultaneously [ 261 ]; sensor for the simultaneous voltammetric detection of Acetaminophen and Tramadol [ 262 ]; sensor for qualitative and quantitative determination of tramadol using cyclic and square wave voltammetry techniques [ 263 ]; novel voltammetric method for the quantification of tramadol in pharmaceutical forms and urine samples [ 264 ]; electrochemical sensor for tramadol and acetaminophen [ 265 ]; graphite electrode for electrochemical determination of tramadol [ 266 ]; HPLC-UV method for identifying contaminants in Russian-made tramadol hydrochloride [ 267 ]; sensor for determination of tramadol in pharmaceutical samples [ 268 ]; electroanalytical sensor for tramadol with a detection limit of 50.0 nM in drug samples [ 269 ]; simultaneous quantification of acetaminophen and tramadol hydrochloride using a modification-free boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode [ 256 ]; kinetic spectrophotometric method for tramadol trace level detection [ 270 ]; 2021 spectrophotometric method for detection of trace levels of tramadol [ 270 ]; electrochemical sensor for determination of tramadol [ 271 ]; ...…”

Onion-like Carbons Provide a Favorable Electrocatalytic Platform for the Sensitive Detection of Tramadol Drug

“…These HPLC-based techniques are bulky and expensive techniques that require a high level of expertise to perform. The need for fast and accurate detection of TR to curb the abuse has necessitated the intense exploration of electrochemical techniques as viable alternatives. ,− Electrochemical methods are associated with several advantages including low cost, rapidity of detection, simplicity of operation with basic training skills, and ease of miniaturization for point-of-care usage.…”