“…Over the past three decades, activity theory has been used to explore a wide range of complex systems. Scholars have focused on writing studies (Bazerman & Russell, 2003a;Russell, 1995Russell, , 2009, instructional technology (Behrend, 2014;Chung, 2019), distributed leadership (Ho et al, 2015;Takoeva, 2017), design thinking (Winstanley, 2019;Zahedi & Tessier, 2018), education (Abdullah, 2014Al-Huneini et al, 2020;Carvalho, 2015;Pearson, 2009), human computer interaction (Draper, 1993;Kaptelinin & Nardie, 2012;Nardi, 1995), and software development (Dennehy & Conboy, 2017;Hoffmann et al, 2020), to name only a few areas.…”