Designing a high-loading sulfur cathode with a mixed ionic-electronic conducting polymer for electrochemically stable lithium-sulfur batteries

Han, Pauline; Chung, Sheng Heng; Manthiram, Arumugam

doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2018.11.002

Cited by 70 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…When charging the cell, the formed lithium sulfides convert back to sulfur and the lithium ions return to the lithium‐metal anode. The overall reversible redox reactions are S + 2Li = Li 2 S (e.g., S 8 + 16Li = 8 Li 2 S with element S 8 ) with 2Li = 2Li + + 2e − (e.g., 16Li = 16Li + + 16e − ) at the anode side and S + 2e − = S 2− (e.g., S 8 + 16e − = 8 S 2− with element S 8 ) at the cathode side …”

Section: Lithium–sulfur Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In consideration of the insulating nature of sulfur, a high content and mass loading of a conductive matrix and additional auxiliary electrocatalysts may be needed. However, a low sulfur content resulted would cause the cell to have a low effective capacity and energy density …”

Section: Lithium–sulfur Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A sulfur cathode with damaged integrity causes the insulating sulfur to lose contact with the conductive agents. Without good electrical contact, the isolated sulfur loses access to electrons and becomes an inactive region of the cathode, raising the cell impedance and resulting in capacity fade …”

Section: Lithium–sulfur Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These engineered nanocomposites72,203b and modified cell components (e.g., separator and cathode structure) deliver a peak charge‐storage capacity of over 1600 mA h mg −1 . Long cyclabilities of over 1000 cycles have been demonstrated with numerous, various composite cathodes, interlayers, porous cathode substrates, sandwiched cathode configurations, and coated separators . Better electrochemical characteristics have also been realized by integrating newly developed cell components, such as the application of sulfur/carbon nanocomposites in the cathode with either a TiO 2 /TiN coating205h or a MoSe 2 /reduced graphene oxide coating on the separator ( Figure a,b) 206b…”

Section: Lithium–sulfur Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A thick cathode creates a long transfer distance for charges. The structural stability of the thick cathode itself is also a problem . Due to these challenges, even if a high charge‐storage capacity is reported using a low‐loading sulfur cathode with impressive cycle stability, it does not guarantee that the cell performance can be maintained with higher areal sulfur loadings in practical cells.…”

Section: Lithium–sulfur Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Current Status and Future Prospects of Metal–Sulfur Batteries

Chung¹,

Manthiram²

2019

Advanced Materials

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497

415

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that makes use of intercalation materials as the electrodes (Figure 1), applications involving electric vehicles and smart grids may require rechargeable batteries with new battery chemistries that can generate even higher energy densities for longer driving ranges and higher energy-storage capabilities. [6][7][8] Additionally, the lithiated transition-metal oxides used in commercial lithium-ion battery cathodes tend to be expensive, scarce, or toxic to the environment. Thus, it is desirable to explore new electrode materials that are naturally abundant (and therefore less expensive) as well as environmentally compatible in order to successfully enter the future battery markets. [6,[8][9][10][11] This driving force has promoted the development of batteries with conversionreaction electrodes, in which reversible electrochemical reactions take place and new chemical compounds form during the cycling of the battery. Naturally abundant materials, such as sulfur for the cathode, can be applied as electrodes. Different metallic anodes have shown great potential in coupling with sulfur cathode to generate a high energy density, including lithium metal [3,10,[12][13][14][15][16][17]31] as well as other alkali [18][19][20][21][22][23][24]31] and high-valent metals. [18,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31] As a next-generation energy-storage technology beyond lithium-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries are the most promising low-cost, high-capacity energy-storage device available due to their high charge-storage capacity, low cost, and the wide availability of sulfur. [32][33][34][35] The electrochemical reactions of lithium-sulfur batteries involve reversible conversions between sulfur (S 8 ), lithium polysulfides (Li 2 S x , x = 4-8), and lithium sulfides (Li 2 S 2 and Li 2 S). [33][34][35][36] The conversions between sulfur and lithium polysulfides and lithium sulfides involve phase changes between liquid-state polysulfides and solid-state sulfur and sulfides. [35][36][37][38][39][40] Thus, the conversion reaction of lithium-sulfur battery chemistry has no restriction in maintaining the initial crystal chemistry of the electrode during electrochemical cycling. [39][40][41][42] Therefore, a full twoelectron redox reaction per sulfur atom can occur in a manner that is both reversible and stable, increasing the chargestorage capacity drastically as compared to the currently used insertion-reaction oxide cathodes. [7,[39][40][41][42] As a result, sulfur cathodes possess a high theoretical charge-storage capacity of 1672 mA h g −1 , which is the highest value among solid-state Lithium-sulfur batteries are a major focus of academic and industrial energystorage research due to their high theoretical energy density and the use of low-cost materials. The high energy density results from the conversion mechanism that lithium-sulfur cells utilize. The sulfur cathode, being naturally abundant and environmentally friendly, makes lithium-sulfur batteries a potential next-generation energy-storage technology. The current state of the rese...

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Section: Lithium–sulfur Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lithium–sulfur Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lithium–sulfur Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lithium–sulfur Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lithium–sulfur Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Current Status and Future Prospects of Metal–Sulfur Batteries

Chung¹,

Manthiram²

2019

Advanced Materials

Self Cite

497

415

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Li/S

Chung¹,

Manthiram²

2020

Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry

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Lithium–sulfur batteries are among the most promising energy‐storage devices because of their high charge‐storage capacity, low cost, and the wide availability of sulfur. Thus, it is essential to develop the potential of lithium–sulfur cells as a next‐generation rechargeable energy‐storage technology and transition them into practical battery systems. However, the design of high‐energy‐density lithium–sulfur batteries with long‐term stability has encountered significant challenges due to the intrinsic materials characteristics (e.g. insulating nature of sulfur, irreversible polysulfide relocation, volume change of sulfur, lithium anode degradation, low electrolyte stability, and electrode degradation). Over the past 20 years, efforts to improve the battery performance and chemistry have resulted in new scientific insights, indicating that the electrochemical performance of lithium–sulfur system and its intrinsic materials challenges are further aggravated by several extrinsic technical conditions, including the cell‐fabrication parameters (e.g. the amount of sulfur, electrolyte, and lithium metal used) and the cell‐testing conditions (e.g. operating voltage window, testing temperature, and cycle rates). In order to successfully bring the lithium–sulfur battery technology to the market, we need to focus on developing high‐loading sulfur cathodes under lean electrolyte and controlled excess lithium conditions. However, it has proven extremely challenging to develop a cell that simultaneously satisfies these metrics while also displaying acceptable high electrochemical efficiency and stability. To understand these issues, the fundamental conversion battery chemistry and issues associated with lithium–sulfur system, particularly in terms of the intrinsic materials characteristics and extrinsic technical conditions are discussed in this article.

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A Comprehensive Understanding of Lithium–Sulfur Battery Technology

Bai

Gulzar

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

317

233

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Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) are regarded as a new kind of energy storage device due to their remarkable theoretical energy density. However, some issues, such as the low conductivity and the large volume variation of sulfur, as well as the formation of polysulfides during cycling, are yet to be addressed before LSBs can become an actual reality. Here, presented is a comprehensive overview illustrating the techniques capable of mitigating these undesirable problems together with the electrochemical performances associated to the different proposed solutions. In particular, the analysis is organized by separately addressing cathode, anode, separator, and electrolyte. Furthermore, to better understand the chemistry and failure mechanisms of LSBs, important characterization techniques applied to energy storage systems are reviewed. Similarly, considerations on the theoretical approaches used in the energy storage field are provided, as they can become the key tool for the design of the next generation LSBs. Afterward, the state of the art of LSBs technology is presented from a geopolitical perspective by comparing the results achieved in this field by the main world actors, namely Asia, North America, and Europe. Finally, this review is concluded with the application status of LSBs technology, and its prospects are offered.nonrenewable sources depletion and environment pollution (global warming and air/water quality). In particular, the abundant use of fossil fuels (especially coal and oil) is origin of many medical problems all over the world resulting in a constant rising of health-care national systems expenses. In this regard, especially solar and wind based energy sources, have been demonstrated to represent a valid alternative to fossil fuels. However, their energy instability related to a nonconstant presence of sun/wind, determines an intermittent energy production which severely jeopardize a stable and reliable energy supply to the grid. In order to mitigate and possibly even to completely solve this issue, a feasible solution is to couple solar/wind energy generators with energy storage devices. The presence of these systems would indeed allow the release of the produced energy into the grid at the right time, therefore avoiding any instability or even grid failure. Among the available energy storage devices, secondary batteries represent surely a valid choice owing to the abundant research in this field and to the number of applications already exploiting batteries as the main energy source. In this regard, here we recall lead-acid, nickel-cadmium and His work mainly aims in modeling and experimentally validating complex systems at the micro/nanoscale with strong emphasis on the final device. In particular, his research themes focus on the integration of different physics (i.e., interdisciplinary) such as photonics, heat diffusion, electric charge/mass diffusion, and mechanicaldeformation toward the development of innovative devices for energy manipulation (harvesting and storage).nitrogen element coul...

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Designing a high-loading sulfur cathode with a mixed ionic-electronic conducting polymer for electrochemically stable lithium-sulfur batteries

Cited by 70 publications

References 49 publications

Current Status and Future Prospects of Metal–Sulfur Batteries

Current Status and Future Prospects of Metal–Sulfur Batteries

Li/S

A Comprehensive Understanding of Lithium–Sulfur Battery Technology

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